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A mountain river is a river that runs usually in mountains, in narrow, deep valley with steep banks, rocky stream bed, and accumulated rock debris.
Mountain rivers are characterized by high slope and flow velocity, insignificant depth, frequent rapids and waterfalls, as well as dominated washed out processes. The gradient of a mountain river is calculated at 60–80 m/km in upper stream and 5–10 m/km in lower. More precisely it is greater than or equal to 0.002 m/m along most of its stream length. Speed of stream is measured at 1 to 4.5 m/s and higher.
Mountain rivers have significant hydro energy producing potential and in arid conditions often used for irrigation.
They play an essential role in shaping the surrounding landscape through erosion and deposition, creating deep valleys, gorges, and waterfalls.
Features of a Mountain River:
1. Steep Gradient: The river descends rapidly from higher altitudes, often forming rapids and cascades.
2. Cold and Clear Water: The water is usually fresh, cool, and rich in oxygen, supporting diverse aquatic life.
3. Rocky Channels: These rivers often flow through rugged terrain with boulders and gravel in their beds.
4. Erosion Power: Due to their speed and volume, they erode rocks and transport sediments downstream.