Back نزاع مرتفعات قره باغ Arabic Qarabağ münaqişəsi Azerbaijani داغلیق قاراباغ موناقیشه‌سی AZB Карабахскі канфлікт Byelorussian নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ সংঘাত Bengali/Bangla Conflicte de l'Alt Karabakh Catalan Bergkarabachkonflikt German Σύγκρουση του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ Greek Conflicto del Alto Karabaj Spanish درگیری قره‌باغ کوهستانی Persian

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of the post-Soviet conflicts

Military situation in the region before September 20, 2023. For a detailed map, see here
Date20 February 1988 – present
(36 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)[10][11][12]
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, Armenia–Azerbaijan border
Status
  • Armenian victory: 1994[22]
  • Political stalemate[23] and cold war: 1994–2020[24][25][26]
  • Arms race[27] and militarization[28][29]
  • Azerbaijani victory: 2020[30]
  • Border crisis: 2021–present[31][32][33][34]
  • Blockade of Artsakh: 2022–2023[35]
  • Azerbaijani victory: 2023[36]
  • Disbandment of the Artsakh Defence Army: 2023[37]
  • Negotiations started between Artsakh and Azerbaijan on 21 September 2023[38]
  • Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians (2023)
  • Artsakh dissolved on 1 January 2024[35]
  • Continued Armenian-Azerbaijani border crisis
  • Armenia returned four villages captured during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to Azerbaijan on 24 May 2024.[39]
    • Territorial
    changes    		 Azerbaijan gained control over all of Nagorno-Karabakh[40][41][42]
    Belligerents
     Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh; until 2023)[a][b]
     Armenia[c]
    Military support
    Foreign fighters
    Arms suppliers
    Diplomatic support

     Azerbaijan (from 1991)
     Soviet Union (until 1991)[d]

     Turkey (2020) (alleged by Armenia)[7][8][9]
    Foreign fighters
    Arms suppliers
    Diplomatic support
    Supported by:
     Turkey (2020)
    Units involved
    Artsakh Defence Army (until 2023)
    Armed Forces of Armenia    		 Azerbaijani Armed Forces
    Soviet Armed Forces (until 1991)
    Strength
    2018: 65,000 (active servicemen)[43][e]
    1993–1994: 30,000–40,000[46][47]    		 2019: 66,950 (active servicemen)[48]
    1993–1994: 42,000–56,000[47][46][49]
    Casualties and losses
    28,000–38,000 killed (1988–1994)[54]
    3,000 killed (May 1994 – August 2009)[55]
    541–547+ killed (2010–2019)[56]
    7,717 killed (2020)[57]
    44 killed (2021–2022)[58]

    The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict[f] is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.

    Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities worked to suppress Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population.[63] During the glasnost period, a 1988 Nagorno-Karabakh referendum was held to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia, citing self-determination laws in the Soviet constitution. This act was met with a series of pogroms against Armenians across Azerbaijan, before violence committed against both Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred.[64]

    The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The war was won by Artsakh and Armenia, and led to occupation of regions around Soviet-era Nagorno-Karabakh. There were expulsions of ethnic Armenians from Azerbaijan and ethnic Azerbaijanis from Armenia and the Armenian-controlled areas.[65] The ceasefire ending the war, signed in 1994 in Bishkek, was followed by two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated in the 2010s. A four-day escalation in April 2016 resulted in hundreds of casualties but only minor changes to the front line.

    In late 2020, the large-scale Second Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in thousands of casualties and a significant Azerbaijani victory. An armistice was established by a tripartite ceasefire agreement on November 10, resulting in Azerbaijan regaining all of the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh as well as capturing one-third of Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[66] Ceasefire violations in Nagorno-Karabakh and on the Armenian–Azerbaijani border continued following the 2020 war. Azerbaijan began blockading Nagorno-Karabakh in December 2022, and launched a large-scale military offensive in September 2023,[67][68][69] resulting in a ceasefire agreement. Most ethnic Armenians fled,[70] and Artsakh was officially dissolved on 1 January 2024.[71][35]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

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    4. ^ Cornell, Svante E. (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. Uppsala University. p. 26. Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. [...] In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.
    5. ^ Papazian, Taline (2008). "State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995". The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (8): 25. doi:10.4000/pipss.1623. ... units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in "Operation Ring", to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.
    6. ^ Murphy, David E. (1992). "Operation 'Ring': The Black Berets in Azerbaijan". The Journal of Soviet Military Studies. 5 (1): 93. doi:10.1080/13518049208430053. ... Operation 'Ring' as a combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation to weaken Armenian resistance in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave.
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    8. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (29 January 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Armenia has said that Turkey was directly involved in the fighting in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, and that a Turkish F-16 fighter shot down an Armenian jet. Turkey denied those accusations.
    9. ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Turkey's support for Azerbaijan has been vital, and Azerbaijan's superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal. Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F-16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer, and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides.
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    58. ^ See here
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