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Neuroplasticity

"Neural plasticity" redirects here. For the journal, see Neural Plasticity (journal). For the 2014 Cold Specks album, see Neuroplasticity (album).

Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or just plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and rewire its neural connections, enabling it to adapt and function in ways that differ from its prior state. This process can occur in response to learning new skills, experiencing environmental changes, recovering from injuries, or adapting to sensory or cognitive deficits. Such adaptability highlights the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of the brain, even into adulthood.[1] These changes range from individual neuron pathways making new connections, to systematic adjustments like cortical remapping or neural oscillation. Other forms of neuroplasticity include homologous area adaptation, cross modal reassignment, map expansion, and compensatory masquerade.[2] Examples of neuroplasticity include circuit and network changes that result from learning a new ability, information acquisition,[3] environmental influences,[4] pregnancy,[5] caloric intake,[6] practice/training,[7] and psychological stress.[8]

Neuroplasticity was once thought by neuroscientists to manifest only during childhood,[9][10] but research in the latter half of the 20th century showed that many aspects of the brain can be altered (or are "plastic") even through adulthood.[11] Furthermore, starting from the primary stimulus-response sequence in simple reflexes, the organisms' capacity to correctly detect alterations within themselves and their context depends on the concrete nervous system architecture, which evolves in a particular way already during gestation.[12][13][14] Adequate nervous system development forms us as human beings with all necessary cognitive functions. The physicochemical properties of the mother-fetus bio-system affect the neuroplasticity of the embryonic nervous system in their ecological context.[12][13][14] However, the developing brain exhibits a higher degree of plasticity than the adult brain.[15] Activity-dependent plasticity can have significant implications for healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage.[16][17][18]

  1. ^ Costandi, Moheb (19 August 2016). Neuroplasticity. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52933-4. OCLC 987683015.
  2. ^ Grafman J (1 July 2000). "Conceptualizing functional neuroplasticity". Journal of Communication Disorders. 33 (4): 345–356. doi:10.1016/S0021-9924(00)00030-7. PMID 11001161.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fuchs2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Davidson2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Paternina-Die M, Martínez-García M, Martín de Blas D, Noguero I, Servin-Barthet C, Pretus C, et al. (February 2024). "Women's neuroplasticity during gestation, childbirth and postpartum". Nature Neuroscience. 27 (2): 319–327. doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01513-2. ISSN 1546-1726. PMC 10849958. PMID 38182834.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Shaffer2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Park2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference McEwen2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Leuner B, Gould E (January 2010). "Structural plasticity and hippocampal function". Annual Review of Psychology. 61 (1): 111–140. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100359. PMC 3012424. PMID 19575621.
  10. ^ Kusiak AN, Selzer ME (2013). "Neuroplasticity in the spinal cord". In Barnes MP, Good DC (eds.). Neurological Rehabilitation (3rd ed.). China: Elsevier Inc. Chapters. ISBN 978-0-12-807792-4. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference livingston was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Val Danilov I (2023). "Shared Intentionality Before Birth: Emulating a Model of Mother-Fetus Communication for Developing Human-Machine Systems." In: Arai, K. (eds) Intelligent Systems and Applications. IntelliSys 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 824. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47715-7_5
  13. ^ a b Val Danilov I (2024). "The Origin of Natural Neurostimulation: A Narrative Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques." OBM Neurobiology 2024; 8(4): 260; https://doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404260.
  14. ^ a b Val Danilov I (2024). "Child Cognitive Development with the Maternal Heartbeat: A Mother-Fetus Neurocognitive Model and Architecture for Bioengineering Systems." In International Conference on Digital Age & Technological Advances for Sustainable Development (pp. 216-223). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75329-9_24
  15. ^ Hensch TK, Bilimoria PM (July 2012). "Re-opening Windows: Manipulating Critical Periods for Brain Development". Cerebrum. 2012: 11. PMC 3574806. PMID 23447797.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pascual-Leone et al. 2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Ganguly K, Poo MM (October 2013). "Activity-dependent neural plasticity from bench to bedside". Neuron. 80 (3): 729–741. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.028. PMID 24183023.
  18. ^ Carey L, Walsh A, Adikari A, Goodin P, Alahakoon D, De Silva D, et al. (2 May 2019). "Finding the Intersection of Neuroplasticity, Stroke Recovery, and Learning: Scope and Contributions to Stroke Rehabilitation". Neural Plasticity. 2019: 5232374. doi:10.1155/2019/5232374. PMC 6525913. PMID 31191637.
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