Back حركة باكستان Arabic Pakistan hərəkatı Azerbaijani পাকিস্তান আন্দোলন Bengali/Bangla Pakistan Movement German ޕާކިސްތާން ޙަރަކާތް DV Pakistana Movado Esperanto Movimiento por Pakistán Spanish جنبش پاکستان Persian Mouvement pour le Pakistan French पाकिस्तान आंदोलन Hindi
| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Pakistan |
|---|
 |
| Traditions |
| folklore |
| Sport |
The Pakistan Movement[a] emerged in the early 20th century as part of a campaign that advocated the creation of an Islamic state in parts of what was then British India. It was rooted in the two-nation theory, which asserted that Indian Muslims were fundamentally and irreconcilably distinct from Indian Hindus (who formed the demographic majority) and would therefore require separate self-determination upon the decolonization of India. The idea was largely realized when the All-India Muslim League ratified the Lahore Resolution on 23 March 1940, calling for the Muslim-majority regions of the Indian subcontinent to be "grouped to constitute independent states" that would be "autonomous and sovereign" with the aim of securing Muslim socio-political interests vis-à-vis the Hindu majority. It was in the aftermath of the Lahore Resolution that, under the aegis of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the cause of "Pakistan" (though the name was not used in the text itself) became widely popular among the Muslims of the Indian independence movement.[1]
Instrumental in establishing a base for the Pakistan Movement was the Aligarh Movement, which consisted of several reforms by [[ Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] that ultimately promoted a system of Western-style scientific education among the subcontinent's Muslims, seeking to enrich and vitalize their society, culture, and religious thought. Khan's efforts fostered Indian Muslim nationalism and went on to provide both the Pakistan Movement and the nascent country that it would yield with its ruling elite.[2]
Several prominent Urdu poets, such as Muhammad Iqbal and Faiz Ahmad Faiz used speech, literature, and poetry as a powerful tool for Muslim political awareness;[3][4] Iqbal, in particular, is often called the spiritual father of Muslim nationalist thought in his era.[5] The role of India's ulama, however, was divided into two groups: the first group, denoted by the ideals of Hussain Ahmed Madani, was convinced by the concept of composite nationalism, which argued against religious nationalism on the basis of India's historic identity as a nation of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity; while the second group, denoted by the ideals of Ashraf Ali Thanwi, was a proponent of the perceived uniqueness of the Muslim way of life and accordingly played a significant role in the Pakistan Movement.[6] Likewise, a number of Indian Muslim political parties were split over their support, or lack thereof, for an independent Muslim state. Among the most prominent of these parties was Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, which was opposed to Muslim separatism, and from which a pro-separatist group of Islamic scholars, led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, founded the breakaway Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam to support the Pakistan Movement.[7][8]
The ultimate objective of the Pakistan Movement, led by the All-India Muslim League, was achieved with the partition of India on 14 August 1947, when the Radcliffe Line officially demarcated the Dominion of Pakistan over two non-contiguous swaths of territory, which would later be organized as West Pakistan and East Pakistan, with the latter comprising East Bengal and the former comprising West Punjab and Sind and inheriting British India's borders with Afghanistan and Iran.[9] In 1971, however, the Bangladesh Liberation War resulted in the dissolution of East Pakistan, which seceded from West Pakistan to become present-day Bangladesh.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R; Ontario Multicultural History Society of (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 1028. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ Burki, Shahid Javed (1999) [First published in 1986]. Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8133-3621-3.
The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'
- ^ Ali, Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1995). The rebel's silhouette : selected poems. Translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid (Rev. ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-975-5.
- ^ Kurzman, Charles, ed. (2002). Modernist Islam, 1840–1940 a sourcebook ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515468-9.
- ^ Malik, Rashida (2003). Iqbal: The Spiritual Father of Pakistan. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-1371-4.
- ^ Sargana, Turab-ul-Hassan; Ahmed, Khalil; Rizvi, Shahid Hassan (2015). "The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research. 15 (1): 44. eISSN 2618-0820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ "Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam / Assembly of Islamic Clergy". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed (2022). "Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (3): 92. doi:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326. ISSN 0250-7196. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ Islam, Shamsul (2015). Muslims Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Allah Bakhsh and Other Patriotic Muslims. Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-81-7221-067-0.
