Back جمهورية ألبانيا الشعبية الاشتراكية Arabic Albaniya Sosialist Xalq Respublikası Azerbaijani Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Албанія Byelorussian Народная Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Альбанія BE-X-OLD Народна социалистическа република Албания Bulgarian República Popular d'Albània Catalan Albánská socialistická lidová republika Czech Socialistiske Folkerepublik Albanien Danish Sozialistische Volksrepublik Albanien German Λαϊκή Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Αλβανίας Greek
People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976) Republika Popullore e Shqipërisë People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1991) Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë Republic of Albania (1991–1992) Republika e Shqipërisë | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946–1992 | |||||||||
| Motto: Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar "Albania, you give me honor, you give me the name Albanian" Proletarë të të gjitha vendeve, bashkohuni! "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Himni i Flamurit "Hymn to the Flag" | |||||||||
 The People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1989 | |||||||||
| Status | Member of the Warsaw Pact (until 1968) and Comecon (until 1987) | ||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Tirana | ||||||||
| Official languages | Albanian | ||||||||
| Religion | State atheism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Albanian | ||||||||
| Government | Marxist–Leninist state | ||||||||
| First Secretary | |||||||||
• 1946–1985 | Enver Hoxha | ||||||||
• 1985–1992 | Ramiz Alia | ||||||||
| Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly | |||||||||
• 1946–1953 | Omer Nishani | ||||||||
• 1953–1982 | Haxhi Lleshi | ||||||||
• 1982–1991 | Ramiz Alia | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1946–1954 | Enver Hoxha | ||||||||
• 1954–1981 | Mehmet Shehu | ||||||||
• 1981–1991 | Adil Çarçani | ||||||||
| Legislature | People's Assembly | ||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
| 20 October 1944 | |||||||||
• People's Republic formed | 10 January 1946 | ||||||||
| 1956–1961 | |||||||||
| 28 December 1976 | |||||||||
| 1972–1978 | |||||||||
| 11 December 1990 | |||||||||
| 31 March 1991 | |||||||||
| 22 March 1992 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | 3,266,790 (1990) | ||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 1990 estimate | ||||||||
• Total | $2.049 billion | ||||||||
| HDI (1990 formula) | 0.790[1] high | ||||||||
| Currency | Franga (1946–1947) Albanian lek (1947–1991) | ||||||||
| Calling code | +355 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Albania | ||||||||
.svg)
| Eastern Bloc |
|---|
 |
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania, (Albanian: Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë) officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 to 1976 and later the Republic of Albania from 1991 to 1992, was the period in Albanian history when the country was a communist state under the one-party rule of the Party of Labor of Albania (PLA), first led by First Secretary Enver Hoxha from 1946 to 1985, and then by Ramiz Alia from 1985 to 1991. The period of Enver Hoxha's leadership is commonly referred to as Hoxhaist Albania, the Hoxhaist regime,[2][3] or simply the Hoxha regime.[4][5]
The People's Republic of Albania was established after the end of World War II, succeeding the communist-dominated National Liberation Movement-led (or LANÇ) Democratic Government of Albania. Under the leadership of the PLA and especially Enver Hoxha, Albania pursued an anti-revisionist form of Marxism-Leninism, which led to the Albanian-Soviet split in 1956 and then the Sino-Albanian split in 1978.
Described by scholars as a totalitarian state,[6] travel and visa restrictions made Albania one of the most difficult countries to visit or travel from. Being Europe's only Muslim-majority country (aside from Turkey) at the time, it declared itself the world's first atheist state in 1967, but after the fall of communism in Albania in 1991, the practice of religion slowly increased.[7] It was the only Warsaw Pact member to formally withdraw from the alliance before 1990, an action which was occasioned by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The government implemented reforms which were aimed at modernizing Albania, and they resulted in significant gains in the areas of industry, agriculture, education, the arts, and culture, which contributed to a general increase in the Albanian population's standard of living. However, these developments coincided with political repression by the secret police, the Sigurimi, for the purposes of preventing a counter-revolution, which included dismissal from employment, imprisonment in forced labor camps and executions.[8]
The first multi-party elections in Socialist Albania took place on 31 March 1991 – the Communists gained a majority in an interim government. The Republic of Albania was proclaimed on 29 April 1991 and the country's first parliamentary elections were held on 22 March 1992.[citation needed] The legal foundation of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania was only repealed on 28 November 1998 upon the adoption of the new Constitution of Albania.
- ^ Human Development Report 1990, p. 111
- ^ https://insider.iea.org.uk/p/living-red-my-fathers-life-under
- ^ Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë: miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976 [1]
- ^ Idrizi, Idrit (27 April 2021). "Debates About the Communist Past as Personal Feuds: The Long Shadow of the Hoxha Regime in Albania". Cultures of History Forum. University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 9 January 2025.
- ^ Walker, Shaun (28 June 2019). "The house that Hoxha built: dictator's villa to become public space". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 December 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ Pajo, Matilda (September–December 2016). "Consequences of the Totalitarian Past on Albanian post-communist society" (PDF). Revistia. 3 (1): 138–141 – via European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies.
- ^ Majeska, George P. (1976). "Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Review". The Slavic and East European Journal. 20(2). pp. 204–206.
- ^ "Socialist Albania: The Stalinist state". Encyclopædia Britannica.