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Perturbation (astronomy)

Vector diagram of the Sun's perturbations on the Moon. When the gravitational force of the Sun common to both the Earth and the Moon is subtracted, what is left is the perturbations.
The perturbing forces of the Sun on the Moon at two places in its orbit. The blue arrows represent the direction and magnitude of the gravitational force on the Earth. Applying this to both the Earth's and the Moon's position does not disturb the positions relative to each other. When it is subtracted from the force on the Moon (black arrows), what is left is the perturbing force (red arrows) on the Moon relative to the Earth. Because the perturbing force is different in direction and magnitude on opposite sides of the orbit, it produces a change in the shape of the orbit.
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In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body.[1] The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance, as from an atmosphere, and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise misshapen body.[2]

  1. ^ Bate, Mueller & White (1971), ch. 9, p. 385
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference moulton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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