Back Манометър на Пирани Bulgarian Pirani-Vakuummeter German Jauge de Pirani French Tomhsaire Pirani Irish Pirani gauge ID ピラニ真空計 Japanese Pirani vakuummetrs Latvian/Lettish Piranis varmeleidningsmanometer NN Pirani Portuguese Вакуумметр Пирани Russian
The Pirani gauge is a robust thermal conductivity gauge used for the measurement of the pressures in vacuum systems.[1] It was invented in 1906 by Marcello Pirani.[2]
Marcello Stefano Pirani was a German physicist working for Siemens & Halske which was involved in the vacuum lamp industry. In 1905 their product was tantalum lamps which required a high vacuum environment for the filaments. The gauges that Pirani was using in the production environment were some fifty McLeod gauges, each filled with 2 kg of mercury in glass tubes.[3]
Pirani was aware of the gas thermal conductivity investigations of Kundt and Warburg[4] (1875) published thirty years earlier and the work of Marian Smoluchowski[5] (1898). In 1906 he described his "directly indicating vacuum gauge" that used a heated wire to measure vacuum by monitoring the heat transfer from the wire by the vacuum environment.[2]
- ^ Ellett, A. (1931). "The Pirani Gauge for the Measurement of Small Changes of Pressure". Physical Review. 37 (9): 1102–1111. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.37.1102.
- ^ a b von Pirani, M (1906). "Selbstzeigendes Vakuum-Meßinstrument". Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verh. 24 (8): 686–694.
- ^ Borichevsky (2017). Understanding Modern Vacuum Technology. p. 62. ISBN 9781974554461.
- ^ Kundt, A.; Warburg, E. (1875). "Ueber Reibung und Wärmeleitung verdünnter Gase". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 232 (10): 177–211. Bibcode:1875AnP...232..177K. doi:10.1002/andp.18752321002.
- ^ Smoluchowski, Marian (1898). "Temperatursprung in verdünnten Gasen". Ann Phys Chem. 64: 101.