Back سياسة سوريا Arabic Политика и държавно устройство на Сирия Bulgarian সিরিয়া#রাজনীতি Bengali/Bangla Politisches System Syriens German Política de Siria Spanish Siriako politika Basque سیاست در سوریه بعثی Persian Politique en Syrie French פוליטיקה של סוריה HE Politik Suriah ID
Politics of Ba'athist Syria سياسة سوريا البعثيية | |
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| Polity type | Unitary dominant-party presidential republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of Syria |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | People's Council |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Meeting place | Parliament Building |
| Presiding officer | Speaker of the People's Council |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state | |
| Title | President |
| Appointer | Direct popular vote |
| Head of government | |
| Title | Prime Minister |
| Appointer | President |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Council of Ministers |
| Leader | Prime Minister |
| Deputy leader | Deputy Prime Minister |
| Appointer | President |
| Ministries | 28 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judiciary of Syria |
| Supreme Constitutional Court | |
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During the final decade of Ba'ath party rule, the politics of Syria took place in the framework of a presidential republic[1][2] with nominal multi-party representation in People's Council under the Ba'athist-dominated National Progressive Front. In practice, Ba'athist Syria remained a one-party state where independent parties were outlawed, with a powerful secret police that cracked down on dissidents.[3][4] From the 1963 seizure of power by its neo-Ba'athist Military Committee to the fall of the Assad regime, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party governed Syria as a totalitarian police state.[a] After a period of intra-party strife, Hafez al-Assad gained control of the party following the 1970 coup d'état and his family dominated the country's politics.[5][6][7]
Until the early stages of the Syrian uprising, the president had broad and unchecked decree authority under a long-standing state of emergency. The end of this emergency was a key demand of the uprising. Superficial reforms in 2011 made presidential decrees subject to approval by the People's Council, the country's legislature, which was itself dominated to parties loyal to the president.[8] The Ba'ath Party was Syria's ruling party and the previous Syrian constitution of 1973 stated that "the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party leads society and the state."[9] At least 183 seats of the 250-member parliament were reserved for the National Progressive Front, a Ba'ath Party dominated coalition that consists of nine other satellite parties loyal to Ba'athist rule.[10][11] The rest of the seats are occupied by independents, who are nominated by the Ba'ath party.[12]
The Syrian Army and security services maintained a considerable presence in the neighbouring Lebanese Republic from 1975 until 24 April 2005.[13] The 50th edition of Freedom in the World, the annual report published by Freedom House since 1973, designates Syria as "Worst of the Worst" among the "Not Free" countries, listing Assad government as one of the two regimes to get the lowest possible score (1/100).[14][15]
- ^ "Syria: Government". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021.
Government type presidential republic
- ^ "Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012". refworld. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019.
- ^ "Freedom in the World 2023: Syria". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
- ^ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
- ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ "Syria 101: 4 attributes of Assad's authoritarian regime". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Karam, Zeina (12 November 2020). "In ruins, Syria marks 50 years of Assad family rule". AP News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020.
- ^ "Syria's state of emergency". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Article 8 of the Constitution
- ^ "Syria". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022.
- ^ "Syria 2022 Human Rights Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. pp. 70, 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2023.
- ^ Manea, Elham (2011). The Arab State and Women's Rights: The Trap of Authoritarian Governance. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-61773-4.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
autogenerated1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Freedom in the World 2023: Syria". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
- ^ Freedom in the World: 2023 (PDF) (Report) (50th anniversary ed.). March 2023. p. 31 – via Freedom House.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).