Back Volksmobilisasie-magte Afrikaans الحشد الشعبي Arabic Həşdi Şabi Azerbaijani حشد الشعبی AZB Сілы народнай мабілізацыі Byelorussian Forces de Mobilització Popular Catalan حەشدی شەعبی CKB Lidové mobilizační síly Czech Al-Haschd asch-Schaʿbī German Fuerzas de Movilización Popular Spanish

Popular Mobilization Forces

Popular Mobilization Forces
الحشد الشعبي
al-Ḥashd ash-Shaʿbī
Emblem of the Popular Mobilization Forces
Active15 June 2014 – present[1]
Country Iraq
Allegiance Iran[a]
RoleCounter-insurgency
Raiding
Urban warfare
Size60,000 (2014)[6]
230,000 (self claimed in 2022)[7]
Part ofIraqi Armed Forces (de jure)[8][9]
Engagements
Websiteal-hashed.gov.iq
Commanders
Iranian Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei[b][11]
Prime Minister[17]Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani[c]
PMC ChairmanFalih Al-Fayyadh
Chief of StaffAbu Fadak al-Mohammadawi
Notable commandersAbu Mahdi al-Muhandis
SpokesmanAhmed Al Asadi
Dates of operation15 June 2014–present[1]
Group(s)See Structure
HeadquartersBaghdad
Active regionsIraq
IdeologyFactions:
Shia Islamism
Khomeinism[18]
Wilayat al-Faqih[19]
Iranian interests[20]
Islamic unity[21][22]
Anti-Sunnism (alleged)[23][24]
Anti-West[25]
Anti-LGBT[26]
Political positionRight-wing[6]
AlliesState allies

Non-state allies

OpponentsState opponents

Non-state opponents

Designated as a terrorist group byCertain factions:

The Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF; Arabic: قوات الحشد الشعبي, romanized: Quwwāt al-Ḥashd ash-Shaʿbī),[54] also known as the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU) is an Iranian-backed paramilitary umbrella group[55] that operates within Iraq. Although formally and legally part of the Iraqi Armed Forces and reporting directly to the Prime Minister,[17] PMF leaders act independently from state control and, in reality, answer to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei.[20][56][57] It is composed of about 67 primarily Shia armed factions, almost all of which are Iranian-backed and openly pledge allegiance to Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[58][59][60] Chief of Staff of the PMF, Abu Fadak al-Mohammadawi, openly declared that the PMF takes orders from Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[61] PMF Chairman Falih al-Fayyadh cooperates with the Iranian IRGC to implement Iranian instructions in Iraq and reinforce Iranian influence over the militias.[20] The PMF were formed in 2014 and fought in nearly every major battle during the War in Iraq (2013–17) against the Islamic State.[62] In December 2016, the Iraqi Council of Representatives passed a law that defined the PMF’s legal status and created the Popular Mobilization Commission (PMC; Arabic: هيئة الحشد الشعبي), which is a formal governmental agency that includes all PMF groups.[63]

Many of its main factions that belong to the Shia faction trace their origins to the "Special Groups", Iranian-sponsored Shia groups that previously fought in the Iraqi insurgency against the United States and the Coalition forces, as well as a sectarian conflict against Sunni Jihadist and Ba'athist insurgents.[58][64] It has been labeled the new Iraqi Republican Guard after it was fully reorganized in early 2018 by its then Commander-in-chief Haider al-Abadi, previous Prime Minister of Iraq, who issued "regulations to adapt the situation of the Popular Mobilization fighters".[65]

Some of its component factions which are pro-Iran are considered terrorist groups by some states and have been accused of promoting sectarian violence.[66][67][68] Pro-Iran organizations in the PMF include the Badr Organization, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata’ib al-Imam Ali, Saraya Khorasani, etc.[22] During the 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, the pro-Iran groups were accused of being responsible for killing and wounding large numbers of protesters and activists.[69] Pro-Iran PMF groups have also fought against pro-Sistani and Sadrist PMF groups, and their increasing rivalry erupted into violent clashes in 2022.[70][71] Since 2020, Iranian-backed PMF groups have launched attacks against American forces and its allies in the region, claiming them under the name "Islamic Resistance in Iraq".[72][73][74][75][76][77]

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