Racism on the Internet sometimes also referred to as cyber-racism and more broadly considered as an online hate crime or an internet hate crime consists of racist rhetoric or bullying that is distributed through computer-mediated means and includes some or all of the following characteristics: ideas of racial uniqueness, racist attitudes towards specific social categories, racist stereotypes, hate-speech, nationalism and common destiny, racial supremacy, superiority and separation, conceptions of racial otherness, and anti-establishment world-view.[1][2][3][4][5] Racism online can have the same effects as offensive remarks made face-to-face.[6]
- ^ Cheng, Yinghong (2011). "From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism". The China Quarterly. 207 (207): 561–579. doi:10.1017/S0305741011000658. JSTOR 41305257. S2CID 145272730.
- ^ Daniels, Jessie, 1961- (2009). Cyber racism : white supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6525-8. OCLC 403819711.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Jakubowicz, Andrew; Dunn, Kevin M.; Mason, Gail; Paradies, Yin; Bliuc, Ana-Maria; Bahfen, Nasya; Oboler, Andre; Atie, Rosalie; Connelly, Karen (2017). Cyber Racism and Community Resilience: Strategies for Combating Online Race Hate. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-64387-8.
- ^ Back, Les (2002-01-01). "Aryans reading Adorno: cyber-culture and twenty-firstcentury racism". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 25 (4): 628–651. doi:10.1080/01419870220136664. S2CID 145092638.
- ^ Daniels, Jessie (2009-08-01). "Cloaked websites: propaganda, cyber-racism and epistemology in the digital era". New Media & Society. 11 (5): 659–683. doi:10.1177/1461444809105345. S2CID 206726655.
- ^ "Racism. No Way: Cyber Racism". NSW Government, Education and Communities. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2014.