Back اسید نیتریک قرمز AZB Červená dýmavá kyselina dusičná Czech RFNA German اسید نیتریک دودقرمز Persian RFNA Finnish Acide nitrique fumant rouge French Acido nitrico fumante rosso inibito Italian 赤煙硝酸 Japanese წითლად მბოლავი აზოტმჟავა Georgian 적연질산 Korean
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Nitric acid
| |
| Other names
Red fuming nitric acid
| |
| Identifiers | |
| ChemSpider |
|
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| Properties | |
| HNO3 + NO2 | |
| Appearance | Liquid, red fumes |
| Density | Increases as free NO2 content increases |
| Boiling point | 83 °C (181 °F; 356 K) |
| Miscible in water | |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
|
Skin and metal corrosion; serious eye damage; toxic (oral, dermal, pulmonary); severe burns |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) is a storable oxidizer used as a rocket propellant. It consists of nitric acid (HNO3), dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and a small amount of water. The color of red fuming nitric acid is due to the dinitrogen tetroxide, which breaks down partially to form nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide dissolves until the liquid is saturated, and produces toxic fumes with a suffocating odor. RFNA increases the flammability of combustible materials and is highly exothermic when reacting with water.[1]
Since nitrogen dioxide is a product of decomposition of nitric acid, its addition stabilizes nitric acid in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Addition of dinitrogen tetroxide also increases oxidizing power and lowers the freezing point.[2]
It is usually used with an inhibitor (with various, sometimes secret, substances, including hydrogen fluoride;[3]: 62 any such combination is called inhibited RFNA, IRFNA) because nitric acid attacks most container materials. Hydrogen fluoride for instance will passivate the container metal with a thin layer of metal fluoride, making it nearly impervious to the nitric acid.
It can also be a component of a monopropellant; with substances like amine nitrates dissolved in it, it can be used as the sole fuel in a rocket. This is inefficient and it is not normally used this way.
During World War II, the German military used RFNA in some rockets. The mixtures used were called S-Stoff (96% nitric acid with 4% ferric chloride as an ignition catalyst[3]: 115–9 ) and SV-Stoff (94% nitric acid with 6% dinitrogen tetroxide) and nicknamed Salbei (sage).
Inhibited RFNA was the oxidizer of the world's most-launched light orbital rocket, the Kosmos-3M. In former-Soviet countries inhibited RFNA is known as Mélange.
Other uses for RFNA include fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and pharmaceutical acidifiers. It can also be used as a laboratory reagent in photoengraving and metal etching.[4]
- ^ Sugur, V. S.; Manwani, G. L. (October 1983). "Problems in Storage and Handling of Red Fuming Nitric Acid". Defence Science Journal. 33 (4): 331–337. doi:10.14429/dsj.33.6188.
- ^ Schmidt, Eckart W. (2022). "Red Fuming Nitric Acid". Encyclopedia of Oxidizers. De Gruyter. pp. 3881–3962. doi:10.1515/9783110750294-029. ISBN 978-3-11-075029-4.
- ^ a b Clark, John Drury (23 May 2018). Ignition!: An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants. Rutgers University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8135-9918-2. OCLC 281664.
- ^ O'Neil, Maryadele J. (2006). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. Merck. p. 6576. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.