Roman von Ungern-Sternberg

Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
Ungern-Sternberg in Irkutsk under interrogation at the headquarters of the 5th Red Army, 1921
Birth name	Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr[a] von Ungern-Sternberg
Nickname(s)	The Mad Baron The Bloody Baron
Born	(1886-01-10)10 January 1886 Graz, Austria-Hungary
Died	15 September 1921(1921-09-15) (aged 35) Novonikolayevsk, Russian SFSR (now Novosibirsk)
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Allegiance	Russia (1906–1917) Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1917–1921)
Branch	Imperial Russian Army White Army
Years of service	1906–1921
Rank	Lieutenant general
Commands	Asiatic Cavalry Division
Battles / wars	World War I Russian Civil War Mongolian Revolution of 1921
Awards	Order of St. George 4th Class Order of Saint Vladimir 4th Class
Spouse(s)	Elena Pavlovna "Ji" ​ ​ (m. 1919; div. 1920)​

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Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr^[a] von Ungern-Sternberg (Russian: Роман Фёдорович фон Унгерн-Штернберг, romanized: Roman Fyodorovich fon Ungern-Shternberg;^[1] 10 January 1886 – 15 September 1921), often referred to as Roman von Ungern-Sternberg or Baron Ungern, was an anti-communist general in the Russian Civil War and then an independent warlord who intervened in Mongolia against China. A part of the Russian Empire's Baltic German minority, Ungern was an ultraconservative monarchist who aspired to restore the Russian monarchy after the 1917 Russian Revolutions and to revive the Mongol Empire under the rule of the Bogd Khan. His attraction to Vajrayana Buddhism and his eccentric, often violent, treatment of enemies and his own men earned him the sobriquet "the Mad Baron" or "the Bloody Baron". He was viewed by his Mongolian subjects during his rule as the "God of War".

In February 1921, at the head of the Asiatic Cavalry Division, Ungern expelled Chinese troops from Mongolia and restored the monarchic power of the Bogd Khan. During his five-month occupation of Outer Mongolia, Ungern imposed order on the capital city, Ikh Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar), by fear, intimidation and brutal violence against his opponents, such as the Bolsheviks, Jews and Chinese. In June 1921, he travelled to eastern Siberia to support anti-Bolshevik partisan forces and to head off a joint Red Army-Mongolian rebel invasion. That action ultimately led to his defeat and capture two months later. He was taken prisoner by the Red Army and, a month later, was put on trial for "counter-revolution" in Novonikolayevsk (now Novosibirsk). He was found guilty after a six-hour show trial, and on 15 September 1921 he was executed.

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