Back حرب الكونغو الثانية Arabic Segunda Guerra del Congu AST ایکینجی کونقو ساواشی AZB Другая кангалезская вайна Byelorussian Eil brezel Kongo Breton Segona guerra del Congo Catalan Druhá válka v Kongu Czech Anden Congokrig Danish Zweiter Kongokrieg German Β΄ Πόλεμος του Κονγκό Greek
| Second Congo War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Congolese Civil Wars and the aftermath of the First Congo War and the Angolan Civil War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
Note: Rwanda and Uganda fought a short war in June 2000 over Congolese territory. | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
DRC: 100,000 Mai Mai: 20,000–30,000 militia Interahamwe: 20,000+ |
RCD-Goma: 40,000[1] Rwanda: 8,000+[2] Uganda: 13,000[3] Total:70,000-100,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
2,000 Ugandans (Kisangani only)[4] 4,000 rebel casualties (Kinshasa only) | |||||||
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The Second Congo War,[a] also known as Africa's World War[9] or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted when Congolese president Laurent-Désiré Kabila turned against his former allies from Rwanda and Uganda, who had helped him seize power. The conflict expanded as Kabila rallied a coalition of other countries to his defense. The war drew in nine African nations and approximately 25 armed groups, making it one of the largest wars in African history.[10]
Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002, and the war officially ended on 18 July 2003 with the establishment of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, violence has persisted in various regions, particularly in the east,[11] through ongoing conflicts such as the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency and the Kivu and Ituri conflicts.
The Second Congo War and its aftermath caused an estimated 5.4 million deaths, primarily due to disease and malnutrition,[12] making it the deadliest conflict since World War II, according to a 2008 report by the International Rescue Committee.[13] However, this figure has been disputed, with some researchers arguing that many of the deaths may have occurred regardless of the war and that the actual death toll was closer to 3 million.[14] The conflict also displaced approximately 2 million people, forcing them to flee their homes or seek asylum in neighboring countries.[11] Additionally, the war was heavily funded by the trade of conflict minerals, which continues to fuel violence in the region.[15][16]
- ^ a b c Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0199754205.
- ^ "Africa's great war". The Economist. 4 July 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
- ^ Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0199754205.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ [Staff] (20100120) "DR Congo war deaths 'exaggerated'" Archived 21 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
- ^ International Rescue Committee ([undated]) Congo Crisis Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine International Rescue Committee
- ^ Les Roberts & others (2001) Mortality in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from Eleven Mortality Surveys (PDF) Archived 27 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Report) International Rescue Committee
- ^ Prunier, Gerard (2014). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780195374209. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
- ^ a b Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^ "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Bavier, Joe (22 January 2007). "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:20was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones". The Guardian. 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
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