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Somalia

Federal Republic of Somalia
Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya (Somali)
جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية (Arabic)
Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah
Anthem: Qolobaa Calankeed
علم أي امة
"Every Nation Has Its Own Flag"

  Territory controlled
  Territory claimed but not controlled
Capital
and largest city
Mogadishu
2°2′N 45°21′E / 2.033°N 45.350°E / 2.033; 45.350
Official languages
Ethnic groups
(2021)[3][4]
Religion
Sunni Islam (official)[3]
Demonym(s)Somali[3]
GovernmentFederal parliamentary republic
• President
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Hamza Abdi Barre
LegislatureFederal Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of the People
Establishment
2350 BC
• Macrobia
980 BC
• Barbaria
100 BC
9th century[5][6]
10th century
13th century
13th century
16th century
1695–1911
1648–1927
1878–1927
1749–1884
1884
1889
• Independence and union with the State of Somaliland
1 July 1960
1 August 2012
Area
• Total
637,657[3] km2 (246,201 sq mi) (43rd)
Population
• 2023 estimate
18,143,378[7] (78th)
• Density
27.2[8]/km2 (70.4/sq mi) (199th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $34.03 billion[9] (145th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,060[9] (181st)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $12.8 billion[9] (142nd)
• Per capita
Increase $775[9] (179th)
Gini (2017)36.8[10]
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Steady 0.380[11]
low (193rd)
CurrencySomali shilling (SOS)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Calling code+252
ISO 3166 codeSO
Internet TLD.so

Somalia,[a] officially the Federal Republic of Somalia,[b] is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti[16] to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland.[17] Somalia has an estimated population of 18.1 million,[18][19][20] of which 2.7 million live in the capital and largest city, Mogadishu. Around 85% of Somalia's residents are ethnic Somalis; the official languages of the country are Somali and Arabic, though Somali is the primary language. Somalia has historic and religious ties to the Arab world.[21] As such the people in Somalia are Muslims,[22] the majority of them Sunni.[23]

In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center.[24][25] During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. In the late 19th century, Somali sultanates were colonized by the Italian and British Empires,[26][27][28] who merged all of these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland.[29][30] In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.[31] Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, brutally attempting to squash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country.[32] The SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the Somali Civil War.[33] The Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished the Somali Armed Forces.[3][34]

At the end of 2006, a US-backed Ethiopian invasion overthrew the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), leading to the installation of the TFG in Mogadishu under an Ethiopian military occupation.[35][36] The subsequent insurgency which emerged saw the ICU fragment into various rebel factions, including the hardline group al-Shabaab, which waged a protracted conflict against Ethiopian forces.[36] al-Shabaab soon began asserting territorial control for the first time,[37] and by late 2008 the insurgency had driven the Ethiopian army out of much of Somalia.[38] In 2009, a new TFG government was established.[39][40] By mid-2012, al-Shabaab lost most of its territories during fighting against the TFG and African Union troops.[41] That same year, al-Shabaab pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda.[42] The insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia,[43][44] and wield influence in government-controlled areas,[44] with the town of Jilib acting as the de facto capital for the insurgents.[43][45]

A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012,[46][47] reforming Somalia as a federation.[48] The same month, the Federal Government of Somalia was formed[49] and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu, despite al-Shabaab frequently carrying out attacks there.[41][50] Somalia is among the least developed countries in the world, as evidenced by its ranking in metrics such as GDP per capita and its world's bottom ranking on the Human Development Index.[51][11] It has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications.[52] It is a member of the United Nations,[53] the Arab League,[54] African Union,[55] Non-Aligned Movement,[56] East African Community,[57] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[58]

  1. ^ "The Government". Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  2. ^ Ali, Maryan (2024). "Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia". In Lisanza, Esther Mukewa; Muaka, Leonard (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 511–524. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24. ISBN 9783031573071.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Somalia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-104-0.
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  6. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1969). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. International African Institute. p. 140.
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  9. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Somalia)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 26 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
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  11. ^ a b "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
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  13. ^ "Somalia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  14. ^ "Somalia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
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  16. ^ "Somalia". Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
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  21. ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C. ) Foreign Area (1969). Area Handbook for Somalia: Co-authors: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Research and Writing Were Completed on June 15, 1969. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 235.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  23. ^ Abdullahi 2001, p. 1.
  24. ^ John Kenrick 1855) Phoenicia, B. Fellowes, p. 199.
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  28. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p. 163
  29. ^ Laitin 1977, p. 8
  30. ^ Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. ISBN 1-874209-91-X.
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