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Squalene

Not to be confused with squalane.
Squalene
Skeletal formula of squalene
Skeletal formula of squalene
Spacefill model of squalene
Spacefill model of squalene
Ball and stick model of squalene
Ball and stick model of squalene
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
1728919
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.479 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 203-826-1
KEGG
MeSH Squalene
RTECS number
  • XB6010000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3/b27-17+,28-18+,29-23+,30-24+ checkY
    Key: YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-AAJYLUCBSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3
  • CC(=CCC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C=C(/CC/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)\C)/C)/C)C
Properties
C30H50
Molar mass 410.730 g·mol−1
Appearance Colourless oil
Density 0.858 g·cm−3
Melting point −5 °C (23 °F; 268 K)[4]
Boiling point 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) at 3.3 kPa[2]
log P 12.188
1.4956 (at 20 °C) [3]
Viscosity 12 cP (at 20 °C)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Flash point 110 °C (230 °F; 383 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpene with the formula C30H50. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum.[5] Squalene has a role in topical skin lubrication and protection.[6]

Most plants, fungi, and animals produce squalene as biochemical precursor in sterol biosynthesis, including cholesterol and steroid hormones in the human body.[7][8][9] It is also an intermediate in the biosynthesis of hopanoids in many bacteria.[10]

Squalene is an important ingredient in some vaccine adjuvants: The Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline adjuvants are called MF59 and AS03, respectively.[11]

  1. ^ CID 1105 from PubChem
  2. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8727
  3. ^ Pabst, Florian; Blochowicz, Thomas (December 2022). "On the intensity of light scattered by molecular liquids - Comparison of experiment and quantum chemical calculations". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 157 (24): 244501. Bibcode:2022JChPh.157x4501P. doi:10.1063/5.0133511. PMID 36586992. S2CID 255032687.
  4. ^ Ernst, Josef; Sheldrick, William S.; Fuhrhop, Juergen H. (December 1976). "Crystal structure of squalene". Angewandte Chemie (in German). 88 (24): 851. doi:10.1002/ange.19760882414.
  5. ^ Ronco, Alvaro L.; De Stéfani, Eduardo (20 December 2013). "Squalene: a multi-task link in the crossroads of cancer and aging". Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 3 (12): 462–476. doi:10.31989/ffhd.v3i12.30. ISSN 2160-3855.
  6. ^ Pappas, A (1 April 2009). "Epidermal surface lipids". Dermato-Endocrinology. 1 (2). Taylor & Francis: 72–76. doi:10.4161/derm.1.2.7811. PMC 2835894. PMID 20224687.
  7. ^ Micera, Marco; Botto, Alfonso; Geddo, Federica; Antoniotti, Susanna; Bertea, Cinzia Margherita; Levi, Renzo; Gallo, Maria Pia; Querio, Giulia (2 August 2020). "Squalene: More than a Step toward Sterols". Antioxidants. 9 (8): 688. doi:10.3390/antiox9080688. PMC 7464659. PMID 32748847.
  8. ^ Cerqueira, Nuno M. F. S. A.; Oliveira, Eduardo F.; Gesto, Diana S.; Santos-Martins, Diogo; Moreira, Cátia; Moorthy, Hari N.; Ramos, Maria J.; Fernandes, P. A. (4 October 2016). "Cholesterol Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Overview". Biochemistry. 55 (39): 5483–5506. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00342. PMID 27604037.
  9. ^ ZANDEE, DI (27 June 1964). "Absence of Sterol Synthesis in some Arthropods". Nature. 202 (4939): 1335–6. Bibcode:1964Natur.202.1335Z. doi:10.1038/2021335a0. PMID 14210972. S2CID 4221673.
  10. ^ Abe, Ikuro (2007). "Enzymatic synthesis of cyclic triterpenes". Natural Product Reports. 24 (6): 1311–1331. doi:10.1039/b616857b. PMID 18033581.
  11. ^ "Squalene-based adjuvants in vaccines". Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. World Health Organization. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
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