Back سرطان المعدة Arabic Mədə xərçəngi Azerbaijani معده سرطانی AZB Рак страўніка Byelorussian Рак страўніка BE-X-OLD Рак на стомаха Bulgarian পাকস্থলীর ক্যান্সার Bengali/Bangla Rak želuca BS Càncer d'estómac Catalan شێرپەنجەی گەدە CKB

Stomach cancer

Stomach cancer
Other namesGastric cancer
A stomach ulcer that was diagnosed as cancer on biopsy
SpecialtyGastroenterology Oncology
SymptomsEarly:
Later:
Usual onsetOver years[2]
TypesGastric carcinomas, lymphoma, mesenchymal tumor[2]
CausesHelicobacter pylori, genetics[2][3]
Risk factorsSmoking, alcohol, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables, obesity[2][4]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy done during endoscopy[1]
PreventionMediterranean diet, not smoking[2][5]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy[1]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate:
< 10% (advanced cases),[6]
32% (US),[7] 71% (Japan)[8]
Frequency968,350 (2022)[9]. It happens when cancer cells develop in the lining of the stomach (also called the gastric mucosa). These cancer cells have the ability to invade or spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body.
Deaths659,853 (2022)[9]

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor of the stomach. It's a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.[10] Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes, including gastric adenocarcinomas.[2] Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach.[2] Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.[1] Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, and blood in the stool, among others.[1] The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen, and lymph nodes.[11]

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori accounts for more than 60% of cases of stomach cancer.[2][3][12] Certain strains of H. pylori have greater risks than others.[2] Smoking, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables and obesity are other risk factors.[2][4] About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.[2] Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years.[2] Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy.[1] This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body.[1] Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.[2]

A Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of stomach cancer, as does not smoking.[2][5] Tentative evidence indicates that treating H. pylori decreases the future risk.[2][5] If stomach cancer is treated early, it can be cured.[2] Treatments may include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.[1][13] For certain subtypes of gastric cancer, cancer immunotherapy is an option as well.[14] If treated late, palliative care may be advised.[2] Some types of lymphoma can be cured by eliminating H. pylori.[15] Outcomes are often poor, with a less than 10% five-year survival rate in the Western world for advanced cases.[6] This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease.[6] In the United States, five-year survival is 31.5%,[7] while in South Korea it is over 65% and Japan over 70%, partly due to screening efforts.[2][8]

Globally, stomach cancer is the fifth-leading type of cancer and the third-leading cause of death from cancer, making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths.[16] In 2018, it newly occurred in 1.03 million people and caused 783,000 deaths.[17] Before the 1930s, it was a leading cause of cancer deaths in the Western world, however rates have sharply declined among younger generations in the West, while they remain high for people living in East Asia.[18][19][20] The decline in the West is believed to be due to the decline of salted and pickled food consumption, as a result of the development of refrigeration as a method of preserving food.[21] Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in East Asia, followed by Eastern Europe.[2] It occurs twice as often in males as in females.[2]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "5.4 Stomach Cancer". World Cancer Report 2014. 2014.
  3. ^ a b Chang AH, Parsonnet J (October 2010). "Role of bacteria in oncogenesis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (4): 837–857. doi:10.1128/CMR.00012-10. PMC 2952975. PMID 20930075.
  4. ^ a b González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T (September 2013). "Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects". Helicobacter. 18 (Suppl 1): 34–38. doi:10.1111/hel.12082. PMID 24011243. S2CID 22918077.
  5. ^ a b c "Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)". NCI. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, et al. (February 2014). "Treatment of gastric cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (7): 1635–1649. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635. PMC 3930964. PMID 24587643.
  7. ^ a b "Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b "がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計: [国立がん研究センター がん登録・統計]". ganjoho.jp. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  9. ^ a b Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. (4 April 2024). "Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 74 (3): 229–263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834. ISSN 0007-9235. PMID 38572751.
  10. ^ "Stomach (Gastric) Cancer". NCI. January 1980. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  11. ^ Ruddon RW (2007). Cancer biology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-517543-1. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015.
  12. ^ Sim F, McKee M, eds. (2011). Issues in public health (2nd ed.). Open University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-335-24422-5.
  13. ^ Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, et al. (August 2017). "Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (8): CD004064. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4. PMC 6483552. PMID 28850174.
  14. ^ Kodach LL, Peppelenbosch MP (August 2021). "Targeting the Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Compartment for Inducing Responsiveness to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Is Best Limited to Specific Subtypes of Gastric Cancers". Gastroenterology. 161 (2): 727. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.047. PMID 33798523.
  15. ^ Stathis A, Bertoni F, Zucca E (September 2010). "Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 11 (13): 2141–2152. doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.497141. PMID 20586708. S2CID 6796557.
  16. ^ Stewart BW, Wild C, et al. (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2014). "1.1 The global and regional burden of cancer". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  17. ^ Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. S2CID 52188256.
  18. ^ Tobias SJ, Hochhauser D, Souhami RL (2010). Cancer and its management (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-4443-0637-8.
  19. ^ Khleif RT, Skeel SN, eds. (2011). Handbook of cancer chemotherapy (8th ed.). Wolter Kluwer. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-60831-782-0.
  20. ^ Knight JA (2010). Human Longevity: The Major Determining Factors. Author House. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-4520-6722-3. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015.[self-published source?]
  21. ^ Moore RJ, Spiegel D, eds. (2004). Cancer, culture, and communication. Kluwer Academic. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-306-47885-7.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia · View on Wikipedia

Developed by Nelliwinne