Back النزاع السوداني في جنوب كردفان والنيل الأزرق Arabic Канфлікт у Паўднёвым Кардафане і Блакітным Ніле Byelorussian Conflicte al Sudan del Sud Catalan Kämpfe um Abyei 2011 German Conflicto de Kordofán del Sur y del Nilo Azul Spanish Conflit au Kordofan du Sud French კონფლიქტი სამხრეთ კორდოფანსა და ცისფერი ნილოსის შტატში Georgian Den indre konflikten i Sudan (2011-) NB Sudański konflikt graniczny (od 2011) Polish Conflito no sul do Sudão (2011) Portuguese

Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile

Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars

Justice and Equality Movement fighters, 2011
Date5 June 2011 (2011-06-05) – 31 August 2020
(8 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
Location
South Kordofan and Blue Nile in Sudan
Spillover into South Sudan[3]
Result
  • Stalemate
  • Comprehensive peace agreement signed between some rebel factions and the transitional government
  • Strongest rebel faction in South Kordofan and Blue Nile refuses to sign peace deal, continues opposition to government
Belligerents
 Sudan

SRF (until 2020)

Alleged support:
 Ethiopia[2]
Commanders and leaders
Sudan Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Sudan Omar al-Bashir
       (until April 2019)[4]
Sudan Abdel Rahim Mohd. Hussein
       (until April 2019)[5]
Sudan Mustafa Osman Obeid Salim
       (until 2015)
Sudan Ibrahim Balandiya †		 Abdelaziz al-Hilu
Gibril Ibrahim
Khalil Ibrahim †
Malik Agar
Yasir Arman
Minni Minnawi
Abdul Wahid al Nur
Mohamed Rahouma †[6]
Units involved

Sudanese Armed Forces

SLA

SPLM–N

  • South Kordofan faction[10]
  • Blue Nile faction[10]
Strength
SAF: 109,300[note 1]
RSF: 17,500		 JEM: 35,000[12]
Casualties and losses

600−650 killed
179 confirmed captured
405 vehicles destroyed
746 vehicles captured[13]

2,530 (2013−2014 in Blue Nile)[14]		 704 killed[13]
Total:
c. 643[15]−1,500[16] killed
500,000 displaced[17]

The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile was an armed conflict and insurgency in the Sudanese states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile (known as the Two Areas[18]) between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N), a northern affiliate of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Sudan. After some years of relative calm following the 2005 agreement which ended the second Sudanese civil war between the Sudanese government and SPLM rebels, fighting broke out again in the lead-up to South Sudan independence on 9 July 2011, starting in South Kordofan on 5 June and spreading to the neighboring Blue Nile state in September. SPLM-N, splitting from newly independent SPLM, took up arms against the inclusion of the two southern states in Sudan with no popular consultation and against the lack of democratic elections.[19] The conflict is intertwined with the War in Darfur, since in November 2011 SPLM-N established a loose alliance with Darfuri rebels, called Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF).[20]

As of October 2014, some two million people have been affected by the conflict, with more than 500,000 having been displaced and about 250,000 of them fleeing to South Sudan and Ethiopia.[21][22] In January 2015, fighting intensified as Omar al-Bashir's government tried to regain control of rebel-held territory ahead of April 2015 general elections.[23][24]

With the overthrow of al-Bashir in April 2019 following months of protests, the SRF announced a three-month ceasefire, hoping to facilitate a Sudanese transition to democracy.[25] This led to the beginning of peace negotiations between the rebels and the new interim government. The Sudanese peace process was formalised with the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution, that mandates that a peace agreement be made in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (and in Darfur) within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government.[26][27]

On 31 August 2020, a comprehensive peace agreement was signed in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudan's transitional government and the Sudan Revolutionary Front. The Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and Sudan Liberation Movement/Army led by Abdul Wahid al-Nur refused to sign the agreement.[28]

An agreement was reached between the transitional government and the SPLM-North al-Hilu rebel faction on 3 September 2020 in Addis Ababa to separate religion and state and not discriminate against anyone's ethnicity in order to secure the equal treatment of all citizens of Sudan. The declaration of principles stated that “Sudan is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. Full recognition and accommodation of these diversities must be affirmed. (...) The state shall not establish an official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated against based on their religion.”[29]

  1. ^ a b "Darfur's Armed Opposition Groups". Small Arms Survey. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  2. ^ "Ethiopia Is Arming South Kordofan Rebels says Ethiopian officer". durame.com. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  3. ^ Uma, Julius (2011-09-05). "UN report: 1,500 killed and 73,000 displaced in S. Sudan conflicts". Sudan Tribune. Juba. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011.
  4. ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid (11 April 2019). "Sudan's Bashir Forced to Step Down". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  5. ^ "As Bashir faces court, Sudan's protesters keep the music alive". WRAL.com. April 15, 2019. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference ObOe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Series of explosions at weapons cache rock town in West Kordofan". Sudan Tribune. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  8. ^ "Sudan: RSF Expands Territorial Control as Ceasefire Talks Resume in Jeddah". ACLED. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Sudan, two rebel factions discuss ways to hold peace talks on Darfur conflict". Sudan Tribune. 5 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  10. ^ a b Andrew McGregor (31 May 2019). "Continued Detention of Rebel POWs suggests Sudan's military rulers are not ready to settle with the Armed Opposition". Aberfoyle Inzernational Security. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  11. ^ "Sudan Military Strength". GFP. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  12. ^ "Who are Sudan's Jem rebels?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  13. ^ a b "Radio Dabanga - Independent news and relevant information from the heart of Darfur". Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.[better source needed]
  14. ^ "Report: 1,310 govt soldiers killed in Sudan's Blue Nile State in 2014". Radio Tamazuj. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  15. ^ "Daily Times". Daily Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012.
  16. ^ "UN report: 1,500 killed and 73,000 displaced in S. Sudan conflicts - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011.
  17. ^ "500 refugees fleeing South Kordofan per week: UNHCR". Sudan Tribune. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  18. ^ Sanders, Angelia (19 Oct 2012). "Sudan's Southern Rebellion: The "Two Areas"". Reliefweb. NATO Civil-Military Fusion Centre. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  19. ^ "Independence of South Sudan, and continued fighting in many parts (2011)". UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  20. ^ "Sudan rebels form alliance to oust president". Al Jazeera English. 13 November 2011. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  21. ^ "South Kordofan & Blue Nile: Population Movements Fact Sheet" (PDF). OCHA. 19 May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Sudan: Humanitarian Snapshot" (PDF). OCHA. 31 October 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  23. ^ "Sudanese troops close in on last rebel stronghold in South Kordofan". The Guardian. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  24. ^ "Sudan troops battle rebels in war-torn South Kordofan". AFP. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Const_Dec_En_unofficial was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ "Sudan signs landmark peace deal with rebel alliance". DW. 31 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  29. ^ Michael Atit (4 September 2020). "Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.


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