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 Page from an incunable edition of part II (Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1471) | |
| Author | Thomas Aquinas |
|---|---|
| Language | Latin |
| Subject | Christian theology |
| Publisher | Benziger Brothers Printers to the Holy Apostolic See |
Publication date | Unfinished at his death in 1274 |
Published in English | 1911 |
| 230.2 | |
| LC Class | BX1749 .T5 |
Original text | Summa Theologiae at Latin Wikisource |
| Translation | Summa Theologiae at Wikisource |
| Composed 1265–1274 | |
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The Summa Theologiae or Summa Theologica (transl. 'Summary of Theology'), often referred to simply as the Summa, is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), a scholastic theologian and Doctor of the Church. It is a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church, intended to be an instructional guide for theology students, including seminarians and the literate laity. Presenting the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West, topics of the Summa follow the following cycle: God; Creation, Man; Man's purpose; Christ; the Sacraments; and back to God.
Although unfinished, it is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature".[1] It remains Aquinas's "most perfect work, the fruit of his mature years, in which the thought of his whole life is condensed".[2]
Throughout the Summa, Aquinas cites Christian, Muslim, Hebrew, and Pagan sources, including, but not limited to: Christian Sacred Scripture, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, Avicenna, Averroes, Al-Ghazali, Boethius, John of Damascus, Paul the Apostle, Pseudo-Dionysius, Maimonides, Anselm of Canterbury, Plato, Cicero, and John Scotus Eriugena.
The Summa is a more-structured and expanded version of Aquinas's earlier Summa contra Gentiles, though the two were written for different purposes. The Summa Theologiae intended to explain the Christian faith to beginning theology students, whereas the Summa contra Gentiles, to explain the Christian faith and defend it in hostile situations, with arguments adapted to the intended circumstances of its use, each article refuting a certain belief or a specific heresy.[3]
The Summa Theologiae was one of the main intellectual inspirations for Thomistic philosophy. It also had such a great influence on Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy that Dante's epic poem has been called "the Summa in verse".[4] The Summa Theologiae continues to be a major reference in Western and Eastern Catholic Churches, and the mainline Protestant denominations (Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Methodism, and Reformed Christianity) for those seeking ordination to the diaconate or priesthood, for professed male or female religious life, or for laypersons studying philosophy and theology at the collegiate level.
- ^ Ross, James F. (2003). Thomas Aquinas, 'Summa theologiae' (ca. 1273), Christian Wisdom Explained Philosophically. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 165. ISBN 9780631236115..
- ^ Perrier, Joseph Louis (1909). The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 149.
- ^ Gilson, Etienne (1994). The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-268-00801-7.
- ^ Fordham University. Oct. 1921–June 1922. The Fordham Monthly 40:76.