Thomas Cochrane campaign

Thomas Cochrane campaign
Part of Peruvian War of Independence and Chilean War of Independence in the Spanish American wars of independence
Capture of La Esmeralda in Callao by Lord Thomas Cochrane in 1820.
Date 1819-1822 Location Coastline of the entire Pacific coast from Chile to California Result Patriot victory Expeditious control of the sea by the patriots. Capture of the Spanish frigate Esmeralda in Callao. Capture of the square of Valdivia and blockade of Callao. Pursuit of the frigates of the Royal Navy that surrender to the Government of Guayaquil.
Belligerents
Chile Protectorate of Peru United Provinces of the Río de la Plata	Spanish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Thomas Cochrane Manuel Blanco Encalada Hipolito Bouchard	Antonio Vacaro Manuel Montoya Antonio de Quintanilla
Units involved
Chilean Navy Peruvian Navy (since 1821) Army of the Andes	Spanish Royal Navy

The Thomas Cochrane campaign was a series of mainly naval war actions carried out by the admiral hired by the Chilean government, ​Thomas Cochrane,^[1][2] who was also given Chilean nationality. Cochrane had been assigned the objective of the Chilean government to end Spanish naval power in the Pacific, mainly the port of Callao and achieve control of the Pacific Ocean. He carried out several actions to achieve his goal, in addition to participating in the attack of objectives on land such as the capture of Valdivia or Pisco.

The campaign was developed from September 12, 1819 with the departure of the Chilean squadron from Valparaíso to Callao to begin the so-called first blockade of Callao and ended in 1822, coinciding with the surrender of the Spanish frigates "Prueba" and "Venganza", and the corvette "Emperador Alejandro" to the government of the Free Province of Guayaquil, in February 1822, due to the absence of ports and supplies, a product of the territorial conquests of the independent states.

The campaign had the added difficulty that the Spanish squadron could take refuge in Callao, which had around 350 siege cannons and a real floating trench, the product of the ingenuity of Brigadier Antonio Vacaro, made up of logs joined by chains that barely left a narrow entrance and prevented an effective attack to finish off the Spanish. Cochrane had used various methods to capture or destroy the Spanish squadron stationed in the port, of which we can highlight the use of Congreve rockets, which had a disappointing result.

After two expeditions to Peru, where Cochrane had twice blockaded the port of Callao and attacked its surroundings, he headed towards the southern coast of Chile with the aim of capturing the second most important royalist enclave, which was in Valdivia. After convincing himself that the San Telmo ship , the flagship of the South Sea Division, with 74 cannons and 650 crew members, was not waiting for him, he ordered an invasion, managing to capture the town of Valdivia after a daring attack on 3 and 4 February 1820. Encouraged by this success, he wanted to imitate the same attack on the island of Chiloé, which remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy until 1826, attacking on 18 February 1820 the Castillo San Miguel de Agüi, which was the strongest point on the island. When the attack failed, Cochrane ordered the attempt to be abandoned.