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| Immunology |
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The following are notable events in the Timeline of immunology:
- 1550 BCE – The Ebers papyrus recommends placing a poultice on a tumor and then making an incision, which would induce infection and cause regression of the tumor.[1]
- 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variolation) occurs in Wan Quan's (1499–1582) Douzhen Xinfa (痘疹心法).[2]
- 1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West, and Henry Kipkosgei, recorded the positive effects of variolation.
- 1761 – A case of breast cancer cured after ulcerating and getting infected is reported by Lambergen [3]
- 1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
- 1808–1813 – First experimental demonstration of the germ theory of disease by Agostino Bassi though he does not formally propose the theory until 1844
- 1813 – Vautier reports spontaneous remission of cancer after gangrene infection (later to be known as Clostridium perfringens)
- 1829 – Another case of spontaneous remission of breast cancer after a patient refused surgery and the tumor ruptured, became infected and during a febrile illness with purulent discharge, it shrunk and disappeared after a few weeks. (Guillaume Dupuytren)[4][5][6]
- 1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann)
- 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour)
- 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis)
- 1857–1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis Pasteur)
- 1862 – Phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel)
- 1867 – Aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph Lister)
- 1868 – Busch discovered that a sarcoma patient being surgically intervened to remove the tumor, after being exposed to a patient suffering from erysipelas, got a skin infection and her tumor disappeared. He inoculated some other cancer patients with many successes.[7][4]
- 1876 – Demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch)
- 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich)
- 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur)
- 1880 – 81 Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur)
- 1882 – Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes as the causative agent of erysipelas (Friedrich Fehleisen). He repeats Busch experiments inoculating cancer patients with eryisipelas, noting tumor regression in many of them.[8]
- 1883–1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff)
- 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux).
- 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin)
- 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall)
- 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von Behring) and (Kitasato Shibasaburō)
- 1891 – Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert Koch)
- 1893 – Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors – "Coley's Toxins", based on Busch and Fehleisen experiences (William B. Coley)
- 1894 – Bacteriolysis (Richard Pfeiffer)
- 1896 – An antibacterial, heat-labile serum component (complement) is described (Jules Bordet)
- 1900 – Antibody formation theory (Paul Ehrlich)
- 1901 – Blood groups (Karl Landsteiner)
- 1902 – Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis (Paul Portier) and (Charles Richet)
- 1903 – Intermediate hypersensitivity, the "Arthus reaction" (Maurice Arthus)
- 1903 – Opsonization[9]
- 1905 – "Serum sickness" allergy (Clemens von Pirquet and (Bela Schick)
- 1909 – Paul Ehrlich proposes "immune surveillance" hypothesis of tumor recognition and eradication
- 1911 – 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors (Peyton Rous)
- 1917 – Hapten (Karl Landsteiner)
- 1921 – Cutaneous allergic reactions (Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner)
- 1924 – Reticuloendothelial system
- 1938 – Antigen-Antibody binding hypothesis (John Marrack)
- 1940 – Identification of the Rh antigens (Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner)
- 1942 – Anaphylaxis (Karl Landsteiner and Merill Chase)
- 1942 – Adjuvants (Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott)
- 1944 – hypothesis of allograft rejection
- 1945 – Coombs test a.k.a. antiglobulin test (AGT)
- 1946 – Identification of mouse MHC (H2) by George Snell and Peter A. Gorer
- 1948 – Antibody production in plasma B cells (Astrid Fagraeus)
- 1949 – Growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization, and demonstration of attenuation of neurovirulence (John Enders) and (Thomas Weller) and (Frederick Robbins)
- 1951 – A vaccine against yellow fever
- 1953 – Graft-versus-host disease
- 1953 – Validation of immunological tolerance hypothesis
- 1957 – Clonal selection theory (Frank Macfarlane Burnet)
- 1957 – Discovery of interferon by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann[10]
- 1958–1962 – Discovery of human leukocyte antigens (Jean Dausset and others)
- 1959–1962 – Discovery of antibody structure (independently elucidated by Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter)
- 1959 – Discovery of lymphocyte circulation (James Gowans)
- 1960 – Discovery of lymphocyte "blastogenic transformation" and proliferation in response to mitogenic lectins-phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Peter Nowell)
- 1961–1962 Discovery of thymus involvement in cellular immunity (Jacques Miller)
- 1960 – Radioimmunoassay – (Rosalyn Sussman Yalow)
- 1961 – Demonstration that glucocorticoids inhibit PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation (Peter Nowell)
- 1963 – Development of the plaque assay for the enumeration of antibody-forming cells in vitro by Niels Jerne and Albert Nordin
- 1963 – Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity
- 1964–1968 – T and B cell cooperation in immune response
- 1965 – Discovery of lymphocyte mitogenic activity, "blastogenic factor" (Shinpei Kamakura) and (Louis Lowenstein) (J. Gordon) and (L.D. MacLean)
- 1965 – Discovery of "immune interferon" (gamma interferon) (E.F. Wheelock)
- 1965 – Secretory immunoglobulins
- 1967 – Identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody (Kimishige Ishizaka)
- 1968 – Passenger leukocytes identified as significant immunogens in allograft rejection (William L. Elkins and Ronald D. Guttmann)
- 1969 – The lymphocyte cytolysis Cr51 release assay (Theodore Brunner) and (Jean-Charles Cerottini)
- 1971 – Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University invented ELISA
- 1972 – Structure of the antibody molecule
- 1972 – Discovery of invertebrate immunity by Hans G. Boman[11]
- 1973 – Dendritic Cells first described by Ralph M. Steinman
- 1974 – Immune Network Hypothesis (Niels Jerne)
- 1974 – T-cell restriction to MHC (Rolf Zinkernagel and (Peter C. Doherty)
- 1975 – Generation of monoclonal antibodies (Georges Köhler) and (César Milstein)[12]
- 1975 – Discovery of Natural Killer cells (Rolf Kiessling, Eva Klein, Hans Wigzell)
- 1976 – Identification of somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes (Susumu Tonegawa)
- 1980–1983 – Discovery and characterization of interleukins, 1 and 2 IL-1 IL-2 (Robert Gallo, Kendall A. Smith, Tadatsugu Taniguchi)
- 1981 – First description of an animal antimicrobial peptide in Cecropia silk moths[13]
- 1983 – Discovery of the T cell antigen receptor TCR (Ellis Reinherz) (Philippa Marrack) and (John Kappler)[14] (James Allison)
- 1983 – Discovery of HIV (Luc Montagnier) (Françoise Barré-Sinoussi) (Robert Gallo)
- 1985–1987 – Identification of genes for the T cell receptor
- 1986 – Hepatitis B vaccine produced by genetic engineering
- 1986 – Th1 vs Th2 model of T helper cell function (Timothy Mosmann)
- 1988 – Discovery of biochemical initiators of T-cell activation: CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes (Christopher E. Rudd)
- 1990 – Gene therapy for SCID
- 1991 – Role of peptide for MHC Class II structure (Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri & Ronald N. Germain)[15]
- 1992 – Discovery of transitional B cells (David Allman & Michael Cancro)[16][17]
- 1994 – Danger model of immunological tolerance is described by Polly Matzinger at the NIH
- 1995 – James P. Allison is the first to describe the function of the critical immune checkpoint CTLA-4
- 1995 – Regulatory T cells (Shimon Sakaguchi)
- 1995 – First Dendritic cell vaccine trial reported by Mukherji et al.
- 1995 – Discovery of the insect Imd NF-κB pathway[18]
- 1996–1998 – Identification of Toll-like receptors as immune-regulating molecules[19]
- 1997 – Discovery of the autoimmune regulator and the AIRE gene.
- 2000 – Characterization of M1 and M2 macrophage subsets by Charles Mills[20]
- 2001 – Discovery of FOXP3 – the gene directing regulatory T cell development
- 2005 – Development of human papillomavirus vaccine (Ian Frazer)
- 2006 – Antigen-specific NK cell memory first reported by Ulrich von Andrian's group after discovery by Mahmoud Goodarzi
- 2010 – The first autologous cell-based cancer vaccine, Provenge, is approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic, asymptomatic stage IV prostate cancer.
- 2010 – First immune checkpoint inhibitor, ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4), is approved by the FDA for treatment of stage IV melanoma
- 2011 – Carl H. June reports first successful use of CAR T-cells expressing the 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domain for the treatment of CD19+ malignancies
- 2014 – A second class of immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are approved within months of each other.
- 2016 – The role of dendritic cell expressed CTLA-4 in Th immune polarization is first described
- 2016 – A third class of immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab), is approved for the treatment of bladder cancer
- 2017 – First autologous CAR T-cell therapy tisagenlecleucel approved for the treatment of pediatric B-ALL; second autologous CAR T-cell therapy axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) is approved.
- 2020 – The first mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273), are developed for SARS-CoV-2 infection; this new technology completed design, testing, and emergency approval in under one year.
- ^ Jessy T (January 2011). "Immunity over inability: The spontaneous regression of cancer". Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine. 2 (1): 43–49. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.82318. PMC 3312698. PMID 22470233.
- ^ Needham, Joseph. (2000). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine Archived 10 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 134.
- ^ Tanchou S (1844). "Recherches sur le traitement médical des tumeurs cancéreuses du sein: Ouvrage pratique basé sur trois cents observations (Extraites d'un grand nombre d'auteurs) avec des planches et une statistique sur la fréquence de ces maladies".
- ^ a b Kucerova P, Cervinkova M (April 2016). "Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection--possibilities for cancer treatment". Anti-Cancer Drugs. 27 (4): 269–277. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000337. PMC 4777220. PMID 26813865.
- ^ Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C (1 January 2006). "Acute infections as a means of cancer prevention: opposing effects to chronic infections?". Cancer Detection and Prevention. 30 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2005.11.001. PMID 16490323.
- ^ Dupuytren G. "De la gangrène spontanée générale et partielle des tumeurs cancéreuses du sein". J Hebdom Med. 4.
- ^ Busch W (1864). "Berliner klinische Wochenschrift.1868 (137)". pp. 58 v.[page needed]
- ^ Wei MQ, Mengesha A, Good D, Anné J (January 2008). "Bacterial targeted tumour therapy-dawn of a new era". Cancer Letters. 259 (1): 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.034. PMID 18063294.
- ^ Wright AE, Stewart RD (1 September 1903). "An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 72 (477–486): 357–370. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0062.
- ^ Kolata, Gina (22 January 2015). "Jean Lindenmann, Who Made Interferon His Life's Work, Is Dead at 90". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ Boman HG, Nilsson I, Rasmuson B (May 1972). "Inducible antibacterial defence system in Drosophila". Nature. 237 (5352): 232–235. Bibcode:1972Natur.237..232B. doi:10.1038/237232a0. PMID 4625204. S2CID 4277142.
- ^ Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 (5517): 495–497. Bibcode:1975Natur.256..495K. doi:10.1038/256495a0. PMID 1172191. S2CID 4161444.
- ^ Steiner H, Hultmark D, Engström A, Bennich H, Boman HG (July 1981). "Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity". Nature. 292 (5820): 246–248. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..246S. doi:10.1038/292246a0. PMID 7019715. S2CID 4269791.
- ^ Haskins K, Kubo R, White J, Pigeon M, Kappler J, Marrack P (April 1983). "The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 157 (4): 1149–1169. doi:10.1084/jem.157.4.1149. PMC 2186983. PMID 6601175.
- ^ Sadegh-Nasseri S, Germain RN (September 1991). "A role for peptide in determining MHC class II structure". Nature. 353 (6340): 167–170. Bibcode:1991Natur.353..167S. doi:10.1038/353167a0. PMID 1653903. S2CID 4363105.
- ^ Allman DM, Ferguson SE, Cancro MP (October 1992). "Peripheral B cell maturation. I. Immature peripheral B cells in adults are heat-stable antigenhi and exhibit unique signaling characteristics". Journal of Immunology. 149 (8): 2533–2540. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.8.2533. PMID 1383316. S2CID 38398038.
- ^ Allman DM, Ferguson SE, Lentz VM, Cancro MP (November 1993). "Peripheral B cell maturation. II. Heat-stable antigen(hi) splenic B cells are an immature developmental intermediate in the production of long-lived marrow-derived B cells". Journal of Immunology. 151 (9): 4431–4444. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.151.9.4431. PMID 8409411. S2CID 1805107.
- ^ Lemaitre B, Kromer-Metzger E, Michaut L, Nicolas E, Meister M, Georgel P, et al. (October 1995). "A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (21): 9465–9469. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.9465L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9465. PMC 40822. PMID 7568155.
- ^ Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (September 1996). "The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults". Cell. 86 (6): 973–983. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80172-5. PMID 8808632. S2CID 10736743.
- ^ Mills CD, Kincaid K, Alt JM, Heilman MJ, Hill AM (June 2000). "M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm". Journal of Immunology. 164 (12): 6166–6173. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6166. PMID 10843666.