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Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects. They have been implemented in an effort to enhance the public's awareness about the harmful effects of smoking. In general, warnings used in different countries try to emphasize the same messages. Warnings for some countries are listed below. Such warnings have been required in tobacco advertising for many years, with the earliest mandatory warning labels implemented in the United States in 1966.[1] Implementing tobacco warning labels has been strongly opposed by the tobacco industry, most notably in Australia, following the implementation of plain packaging laws.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, adopted in 2003, requires such warning messages to promote awareness against smoking.[2]
The effectiveness of tobacco warning labels has been studied extensively over the past 50 years, and research shows that they are generally effective in changing smoking attitudes and behaviors.[3][4][5] A 2009 science review determined that there is "clear evidence that tobacco package health warnings increase consumers' knowledge about the health consequences of tobacco use". The warning messages "contribute to changing consumers' attitudes towards tobacco use as well as changing consumers' behavior".[6]
Despite the demonstrated benefits of warning labels, the efficacy of fear-based messaging in reducing smoking behaviors has been subject to criticism.[7][8] A 2007 meta-analysis demonstrated that messages emphasizing the severity of threat may be less effective at changing behaviors than messages focusing on susceptibility to threat,[9] suggesting that extremely graphic warning labels are no more effective than labels that simply state the negative consequences of a behavior. Additionally, the study found that warning labels may not be effective among smokers who are not confident that they can quit, leading the authors to recommend exploring other methods of behavior modification.[10]
In many countries, a variety of warnings with graphic, disturbing images of tobacco-related harms (including hematuria and diabetes) are placed prominently on cigarette packages.
- ^ Hiilamo, H; Crosbie, E; Glantz, SA (January 2014). "The evolution of health warning labels on cigarette packs: the role of precedents, and tobacco industry strategies to block diffusion". Tobacco Control. 23 (1): e2. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541. PMC 3725195. PMID 23092884. Hiilamo, H., Crosbie, E., & Glantz, S. A. (2014). The evolution of health warning labels on cigarette packs: the role of precedents, and tobacco industry strategies to block diffusion. Tobacco control, 23(1), e2. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541
- ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Article 9 and 11
- ^ Colin, C.; Droulers, O. (1 October 2022). "Effect of combining fear and anger in anti-smoking messages to discourage young smokers". Public Health. 211: 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.06.031. ISSN 0033-3506.
- ^ Azagba, S.; Sharaf, M. F. (1 March 2013). "The Effect of Graphic Cigarette Warning Labels on Smoking Behavior: Evidence from the Canadian Experience". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 15 (3): 708–717. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts194. ISSN 1462-2203.
- ^ Brewer, Noel T.; Hall, Marissa G.; Noar, Seth M.; Parada, Humberto; Stein-Seroussi, Al; Bach, Laura E.; Hanley, Sean; Ribisl, Kurt M. (1 July 2016). "Effect of Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings on Changes in Smoking Behavior: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (7): 905–912. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2621. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 5458743.
- ^ A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages (PDF) (Report). Sambrook Research International. 18 May 2009. Alt URL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ^ Ruiter R, Kok G (2005). "Saying is not (always) doing: Cigarette warning labels are useless". European Journal of Public Health. 15 (3): 329. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki095. PMID 15985460.
- ^ Ruiter R, Kok G (2006). "Response to Hammond et al. Showing leads to doing, but doing what? The need for experimental pilot-testing". European Journal of Public Health. 16 (2): 225. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl014.
- ^ de Hoog N, Stroebe W, de Wit J (2007). "The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear-arousing communications: A meta-analysis". Review of General Psychology. 11 (3): 258–285. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.3.258. S2CID 144721927.
- ^ Peters GJ, Ruiter R, Kok G (2012). "Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory". Health Psychology Review. 7 (Suppl 1): S8 – S31. doi:10.1080/17437199.2012.703527. PMC 3678850. PMID 23772231.