Back ترابط مؤلم Arabic Traumatická vazba Czech Traumabindung German Vínculo traumático Spanish 外傷的絆 Japanese Traumaband Dutch Ligação traumática Portuguese Травматическая связь Russian Трауматско везивање Serbian Traumabindning Swedish

Traumatic bonding

Trauma bonds (also referred to as traumatic bonds) are emotional bonds that arise from a cyclical pattern of abuse. A trauma bond occurs in an abusive relationship, wherein the victim forms an emotional bond with the perpetrator.[1] The concept was developed by psychologists Donald Dutton and Susan Painter.[2][3][4]

The two main factors that contribute to the establishment of a trauma bond are a power imbalance and intermittent reward and punishment.[2][1][5] Trauma bonding can occur within romantic relationships, platonic friendships, parent-child relationships, incestuous relationships, cults, hostage situations, sex trafficking (especially that of minors), hazing or tours of duty among military personnel.[2][6]

Trauma bonds are based on terror, dominance, and unpredictability. As the trauma bond between an abuser and a victim strengthens, it can lead to cyclical patterns of conflicting emotions. Frequently, victims in trauma bonds do not have agency, autonomy, or an individual sense of self. Their self-image is an internalization of the abuser's conceptualization of them.[7]

Trauma bonds have severe detrimental effects on the victim. Some long-term impacts of trauma bonding include remaining in abusive relationships, adverse mental health outcomes like low self-esteem and negative self-image, an increased likelihood of depression and bipolar disorder, and perpetuating a generational cycle of abuse.[1][5][8][9] Victims who develop trauma bonds are often unable or unwilling to leave these relationships. Many abuse victims who experience trauma bonding return to the abusive relationship.[10][11]

  1. ^ a b c Sanchez RV, Speck PM, Patrician PA (2019). "A Concept Analysis of Trauma Coercive Bonding in the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children". Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 46. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.02.030. PMID 30852255. S2CID 73726267.
  2. ^ a b c Dutton, Donald G.; Painter, Susan (1993). "Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory". Violence and Victims. 8 (2): 105–20. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.8.2.105. PMID 8193053. S2CID 1724577.
  3. ^ Dutton, Donald G.; Painter, Susan (January 1981). "Traumatic Bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse". Victimology (7). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing.
  4. ^ Sanderson, Chrissie (2008). Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-84642-811-1.
  5. ^ a b Lin-Roark, Isabella H.; Church, A. Timothy; McCubbin, Laurie D. (January 14, 2015). "Battered Women's Evaluations of Their Intimate Partners as a Possible Mediator Between Abuse and Self-Esteem". Journal of Family Violence. 30 (2). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 201–214. doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9661-y. S2CID 11957089.
  6. ^ George V (2015). Traumatic Bonding and Intimate Partner Violence (Master thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. hdl:10063/4398. Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  7. ^ Schwartz J (2015). "The Unacknowledged History of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory: John Bowlby's Attachment Theory". British Journal of Psychotherapy. 31 (2): 251–266. doi:10.1111/bjp.12149.
  8. ^ Dekel B, Abrahams N, Andipatin M (2018-05-23). van Wouwe JP (ed.). "Exploring adverse parent-child relationships from the perspective of convicted child murderers: A South African qualitative study". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0196772. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1396772D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196772. PMC 5965825. PMID 29791451.
  9. ^ Marshall M, Shannon C, Meenagh C, Mc Corry N, Mulholland C (March 2018). "The association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and depressive symptoms and interpersonal functioning in depression and bipolar disorder". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 35 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1017/ipm.2016.43. PMID 30115203. S2CID 52017653.
  10. ^ Enander V (January 2010). ""A fool to keep staying": battered women labeling themselves stupid as an expression of gendered shame". Violence Against Women. 16 (1): 5–31. doi:10.1177/1077801209353577. PMID 19949227. S2CID 23512617.
  11. ^ Hendy HM, Eggen D, Gustitus C, McLeod KC, Ng P (2003-06-01). "Decision to Leave Scale: Perceived Reasons to Stay in or Leave Violent Relationships". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 27 (2): 162–173. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00096. ISSN 0361-6843. S2CID 144208768.
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