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The term umbral calculus has two related but distinct meanings.
In mathematics, before the 1970s, umbral calculus referred to the surprising similarity between seemingly unrelated polynomial equations and certain shadowy techniques used to prove them. These techniques were introduced in 1861 by John Blissard and are sometimes called Blissard's symbolic method.[1] They are often attributed to Édouard Lucas (or James Joseph Sylvester), who used the technique extensively.[2] The use of shadowy techniques was put on a solid mathematical footing starting in the 1970s, and the resulting mathematical theory is also referred to as "umbral calculus".
- ^ *Blissard, John (1861). "Theory of generic equations". The Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 4: 279–305.
- ^ E. T. Bell, "The History of Blissard's Symbolic Method, with a Sketch of its Inventor's Life", The American Mathematical Monthly 45:7 (1938), pp. 414–421.