| Polymer science |
|---|
 |
The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions.[1] The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of 19 °C (66 °F), so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above 19 °C (66 °F) but not at lower temperatures.[2]: 185 Examples at higher temperatures are the aniline-water system at 168 °C (334 °F) (at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature),[3]: 230 and the lead-zinc system at 798 °C (1,468 °F) (a temperature where both metals are liquid).[3]: 232
A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H2 in Pd) in equilibrium with a hydride phase (PdHn) below the UCST at 300 °C. Above this temperature there is a single solid solution phase.[2]: 186
In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the UCST is the shared maximum of the concave down spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. The UCST is in general dependent on pressure.
The phase separation at the UCST is in general driven by unfavorable energetics; in particular, interactions between components favor a partially demixed state.[4]
- ^ "IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology". doi:10.1351/goldbook.UT07280. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Atkins, P.W.; de Paula, J.; Wong, Man. Atkins' Physical Chemistry 8e (2006).
- ^ a b Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982). Physical chemistry. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 9780805356823. OCLC 8112942.
- ^ Sanchez, I.C.; Lacombe, Robert H.; Stone, M.T. (November 1978). "Statistical Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions and Blends". Macromolecules. 11 (6). ACS Publications: 1145–1156. doi:10.1021/ma60066a017. Retrieved 2022-01-27.