Back ولاية وا Arabic Ва (пачхьалкх) CE Wa-Staat German Πολιτεία Βα Greek Va Ŝtato Esperanto Estado Wa Spanish Wa Estatua Basque ایالت وا Persian État Wa French 佤邦 GAN
Wa State | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Emblem
| |
| Anthem: Aux muih Meung Vax (Parauk) 我爱佤邦 (Chinese) "I love Wa State" | |
 Claimed territory (green) within Myanmar (dark grey) | |
| Status | Autonomous self-governing polity (de jure)[1][2][3][4] Independent state (de facto)[5][6][7] |
| Capital | Pangkham 22°10′N 99°11′E / 22.167°N 99.183°E |
| Largest city | Mong Pawk |
| Official languages | None |
| Recognised national languages | Wa |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| Working language | Standard Chinese |
| Ethnic groups | Wa, Hui (Panthay), Han Chinese, Dai, Lahu, Akha, and others |
| Government | Maoist one-party socialist state[8] |
• President | Bao Youxiang[9] |
• Vice President | Zhao Guo-an, Lau Yaku[10] |
• Chairman of WPPCC | Zhao Ai Dao[11] |
| History | |
| 17 April 1989 | |
• Ceasefire between the UWSA and the Tatmadaw | 9 May 1989 |
• Creation of the Wa Self-Administered Division | 20 August 2010 |
| Area | |
• Total | 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate | |
• Density | 32.8/km2 (85.0/sq mi) |
| Currency | Renminbi (north) Thai baht (south) |
| Time zone | UTC+06:30 (MMT) |
| Calling code | +86 (0)879 (north) +66 (0)53 (south) |
Wa State[n 1] is a self-governing region[14][15] in Myanmar (Burma) that has its own political system, administrative divisions and army.[5][6][7] While the Wa State government recognises Myanmar's sovereignty over all of its territory,[1][2][3][4] this does not include allegiance to any specific government.[16] The 2008 Constitution of Myanmar officially recognises the northern part of Wa State as the Wa Self-Administered Division of Shan State.[17] It is run as a de facto one-party socialist state ruled by the United Wa State Party (UWSP),[8] which split from the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) in 1989. Wa State is divided into three counties, two special districts, and one economic development zone. The administrative capital is Pangkham, formerly known as Pangsang. The name Wa is derived from the Wa ethnic group, who speak an Austroasiatic language.
- ^ a b Gray, Denis (12 August 2022). "From headhunting to weaponized drones: Myanmar's Wa carve own path". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
Bertil Lintner, a Swedish author who is a leading authority on Myanmar, said Wa leaders have made no new political demands since the military seized control in Naypyitaw, such as a push for formal independence. An informal peace agreement between the Wa and the central government has lasted since 1989, giving the Wa self-government in return for recognition of Myanmar sovereignty.
- ^ a b Paliwal, Avinash (24 January 2024). "Could Myanmar Come Apart?". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
Though the state is nominally part of Myanmar, the Wa have their own political structures...
- ^ a b "UWSA Leader Vows to Continue Armed for Wa Autonomy". Burma News International. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
"Wa State is a part of the Union of Burma and cannot be cut out of the union. We won't demand an independent Wa state or ask for secession."
- ^ a b 13 October 2011, 缅甸佤邦竟然是一个山寨版的中国 Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 军情观察
- ^ a b Kumbun, Joe (23 April 2019). "Protected by China, Wa Is Now a de Facto Independent State". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ a b 29 December 2004, 佤帮双雄 Archived 25 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Phoenix TV.
- ^ a b Steinmüller, Hans (2018). "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality" (PDF). London School of Economics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ a b Hay, Wayne (29 September 2019). "Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.)". Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
'Officially, Bao Youxiang is still the President of the Wa State Government and Commander-in-Chief of the United Wa State Army,' said a Thai security officer, a ten-year veteran on the Thai-Burma border ...
- ^ voice of the FPNCC (FPNCC之声) (17 September 2022). 佤邦、掸邦东部第四特区及北掸邦第三特区三家友邻兄弟组织16日在邦康进行友好会谈 (in Chinese). “FPNCC之声”微信公众号. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.
佤邦联合党中央政治局常委、佤邦政府副主席兼对外关系部部长赵国安，佤邦联合党中央政治局常委、佤邦政府副主席罗亚库
- ^ News Bureau of Wa State (佤邦新闻局) (13 January 2024). 佤邦人民政府就户板地区接管工作顺利完成 (in Chinese). “佤邦之音”微信公众号. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.
- ^ "Wa Self-Administered Division WFP Myanmar". World Food Programme. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "缅甸佤邦竟然是一个山寨版的中国 – 军情观察". 26 November 2016. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016.
- ^ Horsey, Richard (31 May 2024). "Myanmar Is Fragmenting—but Not Falling Apart". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
Wa leaders accept that their territory is part of Myanmar, but they govern autonomously, maintaining an army strong enough to deter any attempt to bring the region under state control.
- ^ Maizland, Lindsay (22 February 2022). "Review: "The Wa of Myanmar and China's Quest for Global Dominance," by Bertil Lintner". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
The UWSA, by far the most powerful ethnic armed organization, controls an autonomous region within Myanmar's northeastern Shan State...
- ^ "Myanmar's Wa Army Vows Neutrality in Fight Between Regime, Ethnic Alliance". The Irrawaddy. 1 November 2023.
- ^ "တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ". Weekly Eleven News (in Burmese). 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
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