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White movement

Not to be confused with White Power Movement, White Russia, Belarus, or Nuer White Army.
White movement
Бѣлое движеніе
Белое движение
Leaders
... and others
Dates of operation1917–1923
Country Russian State
Allegiance
Group(s)
IdeologyAnti-communism[5]
Non-predetermination [ru]
Majority:[6][5]
Russian nationalism[7][8]
Factions:
Conservatism
Liberalism
Monarchism
Proto-fascism[9][10][11]
other different ideologies
Political positionBig tent[12][13][14]
Majority:
Right-wing to far-right
SloganGreat Russia, one and indivisible [ru][15][16][17]
Major actionsWhite Terror[18]
Pogroms (1918–1920)[19]
Size3.4 million members (peak)
Allies
See list:
Opponents
See list:
Battles and warsRussian Civil War Mongolian Revolution
Preceded by
Russian Imperial Army
Succeeded by
White émigrés

The White movement,[c] also known as the Whites,[d] was one of the main factions of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It was led mainly by the right-leaning and conservative officers of the Russian Empire, while the Bolsheviks who led the October Revolution in Russia, also known as the Reds, and their supporters, were regarded as the main enemies of the Whites. It operated as a loose system of governments and administrations and military formations collectively referred to as the White Army,[e] or the White Guard.[f]

Although the White movement included a variety of political opinions in Russia opposed to the Bolsheviks, from the republican-minded liberals through monarchists to the ultra-nationalist Black Hundreds,[12][14] and did not have a universally-accepted leader or doctrine,[22] the main force behind the movement were the conservative officers, and the resulting movement shared many traits with widespread right-wing counter-revolutionary movements of the time, namely nationalism, racism, distrust of liberal and democratic politics, clericalism, contempt for the common man and dislike of industrial civilization;[23] in November 1918, the movement united on an authoritarian-right platform around the figure of Alexander Kolchak as its principal leader.[24][25] It generally defended the order of pre-revolutionary Imperial Russia,[14][26][27] although the ideal of the movement was a mythical "Holy Russia", what was a mark of its religious understanding of the world;[28] its positive program was largely summarized in the slogan of "united and indivisible Russia [ru]" which meant the restoration of imperial state borders,[17][15][16] and its denial of the right to self-determination.[29] The movement is associated with pogroms and antisemitism, although its relations with the Jews were more complex;[30] it was typical among the White generals to believe that the Revolution was a result of a Jewish conspiracy.[31]

Some historians distinguish the White movement from the so-called "democratic counter-revolution" led mainly by the Right SRs and the Mensheviks that adhered to the values of parliamentary democracy and maintained democratic anti-Bolshevik governments (Komuch, Ufa Directory) until November 1918,[32][25] and then supported either the Whites or the Bolsheviks or opposed both factions.

Following the military defeat of their movement, the Whites expelled from the USSR attempted to continue the struggle by creating armed groups which would wage guerilla warfare in the USSR. Some of the former White commanders also hoped to depose the Soviet authorities by means of collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II. In exile, remnants and continuations of the movement remained in several organizations, some of which only had narrow support, enduring within the wider White émigré overseas community until after the fall of the European communist states in the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990–1991. This community-in-exile of anti-communists often divided into liberal and the more conservative segments, with some still hoping for the restoration of the Romanov dynasty.

  1. ^ Evan Mawdsley (2008) The Russian Civil War: 27
  2. ^ "ETIS - Rets.: Reigo Rosenthal, Loodearmee, Tallinn: Argo, 2006". www.etis.ee. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  3. ^ The White Guard Archived 25 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine // "Banquet Campaign" of 1904 – Big Irgiz – Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005 – Page 190 – (The Great Russian Encyclopedia: in 35 Volumes / Editor-in-Chief Yury Osipov; 2004–2017, Volume 3) – ISBN 5-85270-331-1
  4. ^ "The White armies". Alpha History. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b Kenez 1980, p. 74.
  6. ^ Предисловие // Красный террор в годы Гражданской войны: По материалам Особой следственной комиссии по расследованию злодеяний большевиков. Archived 2020-08-08 at the Wayback Machine / Под ред. докторов исторических наук Ю. Г. Фельштинского и Г. И. Чернявского — London, 1992. "Yuri Felshtinsky writes that there were differences in the ideology of the White movement, but the prevailing desire was to restore a democratic, parliamentary political system, private property and market relations in Russia."
  7. ^ Никулин В.В., Красников В.В., Юдин А.Н. (2005). Советская Россия: Проблемы социально-экономического и политического развития (PDF). Тамбов: Издательство ТГТУ. ISBN 5-8265-0394-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  8. ^ The White Movement and the National Question in Russia: a collective monograph. / Edited by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V. T. Tormozov, Candidate of Historical Sciences A. G. Pismensky. Authors: V. T. Tormozov, A. A. Ivanova, and others. — Moscow: Saratov State University Publishing House, 2009. — 157 p. —ISBN 978-5-8323-0602-5.
  9. ^ Kenez 1980.
  10. ^ Peter Kenez (2008). Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920. New Acdemia+ORM. ISBN 9781955835176.
  11. ^ Oberländer, Erwin (1966). "The All-Russian Fascist Party". Journal of Contemporary History. 1 (1): 158–173. doi:10.1177/002200946600100110. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 259654. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  12. ^ a b Osborne, R. (2023, April 14). White Army of Russia | History, Significance & Composition. Study.com. "Loosely commanded by former imperial admiral Alexander Kolchack, the White Army was comprised of volunteers, conscripts, liberals, conservatives, monarchists, religious fundamentalists, and any group that opposed Bolshevik rule. These various groups had little in common besides their opposition to Bolshevik rule."
  13. ^ Slashchov-Krymsky Ya. A. White Crimea, 1920: Memoirs and documents. Moscow, 1990. P. 40. "According to the leader of the defense of Crimea from the Bolsheviks in the winter of 1920, General Ya. A. Slashchev-Krymsky , the White movement was a mixture of the pro-Cadet and pro-Octobrist upper classes and the Menshevik - SR lower classes."
  14. ^ a b c "Первая лекция историка К. М. Александрова о Гражданской войне. Часть первая". belrussia.ru. St. Petersburg. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-10-18. The White movement as a whole, despite the presence of political shades: republicans, monarchists, non-predeterminists, was a military-political movement that defended the values of Stolypin's Russia.
  15. ^ a b The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization Since the French Revolution. Cambridge University Press. 2 November 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-03025-0.
  16. ^ a b Robinson, Paul (2002). "Civil War". The White Russian Army in Exile 1920-1941. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250219.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-925021-9.
  17. ^ a b "In the Wake of Empire".
  18. ^ Rinke, Stefan; Wildt, Michael (2017). Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus Verlag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3593507057.
  19. ^ "YIVO | Russian Civil War". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  20. ^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.). China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-963-7326-14-1. Retrieved 18 March 2012. Then there occurred another story which has become traumatic, this one for the Russian nationalist psyche. At the end of the year 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection, and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community: about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel.
  21. ^ The Soviet High Command: A Military-political History, 1918-1941: A Military Political History, 1918-1941. Routledge. 4 July 2013. ISBN 978-1-136-33959-2.
  22. ^ Kenez 1980, p. 59.
  23. ^ Kenez 1980, p. 80.
  24. ^ А. В. Шубин. "Великая Российская революция. 10 вопросов" (PDF) (in Russian). Authoritarian tendencies also prevailed in the territory occupied by the opponents of the Soviet Republic. The militarization of life, the growth of the influence of officers, and the strengthening of right-wing socio-political groups led to the evolution of the political system to the right. [...] On the night of November 18, 1918, the army overthrew the Directory, handing over power to the Supreme Ruler, Admiral A. Kolchak. His dictatorship was supported by other leaders of the White movement.
  25. ^ a b Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-19-873482-6.
  26. ^ А. В. Шубин. 1918 год. Революция, кровью омытая (in Russian). p. 531. ISBN 978-5-8291-2317-8. ...with the ritual condemnation of reaction, the goal of the movement was to restore order, in its main features corresponding to the pre-revolutionary one.
  27. ^ Peter Kenez (2008). Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920. New Acdemia+ORM. ISBN 9781955835176. Not all the participants in the White movement wanted to recreate tsarist Russia. [...] Nevertheless, the Civil War divided those who preferred tsarist Russia to the society which they feared their country was heading toward, and those who hated the old and had confidence that they could build a more just and rational society. After three years of struggle the Whites lost the war, proving that the traditional order had too few defenders... The defeat of the Whites was the final and conclusive defeat of Imperial Russia.
  28. ^ The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars. Yale University Press. January 1997. ISBN 978-0-300-14634-9.
  29. ^ А. В. Шубин. "Великая Российская революция. 10 вопросов" (PDF) (in Russian). The White movement fought for the "united and indivisible" Russia and did not recognize the right of nations to self-determination.
  30. ^ Oleg Budnitskii (2012). Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780812208146.
  31. ^ Suny, Ronald (14 November 2017). Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution. Verso Books. pp. 1–320. ISBN 978-1-78478-566-6.
  32. ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/democratic-counterrevolution-of-1918-in-siberia/902F77B1E6F60CF8CC8EDFCB66A3894


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