 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2024) |
| Xiongnu | |
|---|---|
| Xiong-nu, Hsiung-nu | |
| Native to | Xiongnu Empire |
| Region | eastern Eurasian Steppe |
| Ethnicity | Xiongnu |
| Era | 3rd century BCE-1st century CE?[a] |
| Dialects | |
| recorded with Chinese characters | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | xion1234 |
 Map of the Xiongnu Empire, where the Xiongnu language was spoken. | |
Xiongnu, also referred to as Xiong-nu or Hsiung-nu, is the language(s) presumed to be spoken by the Xiongnu, a people and confederation which existed from the 3rd century BCE to 100 AD. It is sparsely attested, and the extant material available on it comprises about 150 words, as well as what may be a two-line text transcribed using Chinese characters,[6] which the Xiongnu may have used themselves for writing their language.[7]
- ^ Bacot J. "Reconnaissance en Haute Asie Seplentrionale par cinq envoyes ouigours au VIII siecle" // JA, Vol. 254, No 2,. 1956, p.147, in Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.27 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot27.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Tishin, V.V (2018). ["Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification" https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.107-113]. p. 108-109
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ^ Chen, Sanping (1998). "Sino-Tokharico-Altaica — Two Linguistic Notes". Central Asiatic Journal. 42 (1): 24–43. JSTOR 41928134.
- ^ Xiong, Victor (2017). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 315. ISBN 9781442276161.
- ^ Vovin 2000, p. 87.
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2020). "Two Newly Found Xiōng-nú Inscriptions and Their Significance for the Early Linguistic History of Central Asia". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 2 (2): 315–322. doi:10.1163/25898833-12340036. ISSN 2589-8825.
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