↑De Rynck, Stefaan (27 de febrero de 2006). «Civic culture and institutional performance of the Belgians regions». En Patrick Le Gales, Christian Lequesne, ed. Regions in Europe : The Paradox of Power(en inglés). Routledge. p. 162. ISBN9781134710614. «‘Wallonia’ as a concept was invented at that time, and ‘Flanders’ took its present meaning to denote the whole region.»
↑Van Ginderachter, Maarten (24 de octubre de 2012). «Nationalist Versus Regionalist? The Flemish and Walloon Movements in Belle Epoque Belgium». Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe : Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism(en inglés). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 220. ISBN9780230313941. «the privilege of educated men who studied a ‘forgotten’, but in effect invented region and celebrated its folkloric traditions, its dialects, its past and its landcape».