Gold Coast Euro-Africans

Gold Coast Euro-Africa sun kasance alƙaluman tarihi na tarihi wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyuka na gaɓar teku a Ghana ta mulkin mallaka, wanda ya taso daga ƙungiyoyi tsakanin maza na Turai da matan Afirka daga ƙarshen karni na 15 - shekaru goma tsakanin 1471 da 1482, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, kusan 1957, lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} A cikin wannan lokaci, yankuna daban-daban na yankin Gold Coast sun kasance suna sarrafa siyasa a lokuta daban-daban daga Portuguese, Jamusawa, Swedes, Danes, Dutch da Birtaniya.^{[1][8][9][10]} Har ila yau, akwai bayanan 'yan kasuwa na wasu ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Irish, suna aiki a bakin teku, baya ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da 'yan kasuwa na Amurka daga New York, Massachusetts da Rhode Island.^[11] Yuro-Afirka sun kasance masu tasiri a hankali, fasaha, fasaha, kasuwanci da rayuwar jama'a gabaɗaya, suna taka rawa a fagage da yawa na ilimi da mahimmancin jama'a.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][12][13][14][15]} Masana sun yi la'akari da wannan yawan jama'ar Yuro-Afirka na Gold Coast a matsayin "creoles", "mulattos", "mulatofoi" da "owulai" a tsakanin sauran kwatance.^[1][2][16] Kalmar, owula tana ba da ra'ayoyi na zamani na "lafiya, koyo da birni" ko "babban mutum mai albashi" a cikin harshen Ga.^[2][16] Mu'amalar al'adu tsakanin Turawa da 'yan Afirka ta kasance ta 'yan kasuwa ne kuma hanya ce ta bunkasa tattalin arziki da siyasa wato "dukiya da mulki."^[2][17][18] Haɓaka da bunƙasa addinin Kiristanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma sun kafa dalilai na zamani dangane da asalin Yuro da Afirka.^[2][19] Wannan samfurin ya haifar da ayyuka daban-daban, tun daga cikakken bikin al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka zuwa ɗaukacin rungumar al'adun Turai.^[16][20]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3} "Gold Coast DataBase". gcdb.doortmontweb.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5} Jenkins, Paul (1998). The Recovery of the West African Past: African Pastors and African History in the Nineteenth Century : C.C. Reindorf & Samuel Johnson : Papers from an International Seminar Held in Basel, Switzerland, 25–28th October 1995 to Celebrate the Centenary of the Publication of C.C. Reindorf's History of the Gold Coast and Asante (in Turanci). Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 31–46, 168–176, 192. ISBN 9783905141702. Archived from the original on 2017-09-27. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Ipsen, Pernille (2013). ""The Christened Mulatresses": Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town". The William and Mary Quarterly. 70 (2): 371–398. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.70.2.0371. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.70.2.0371.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Everts, Natalie (2012-08-16). Green, Toby (ed.). A Motley Company: Differing Identities among Euro-Africans in Eighteenth-Century Elmina (in Turanci). British Academy. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.001.0001. ISBN 9780191754180.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} "Black Women's History: Euro-African Marriages in Ghana and the Gold Coast – New Narratives - Beyond Black & White". Beyond Black & White (in Turanci). 2016-02-24. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Ipsen, Pernille (2015-01-20). Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast (in Turanci). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812291971. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21.
7. ↑ Ray, Carina E. (2015-10-15). Crossing the Color Line: Race, Sex, and the Contested Politics of Colonialism in Ghana (in Turanci). Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445396.
8. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
9. ↑ Meagan Ingerson, Independence Charter School, Philadelphia, PA (2013). Africa As Accessory Portrayals of Africans in Dutch art, 1600–1750 (PDF). London and Leiden: NEH Seminar For School Teachers; The Dutch Republic and Britain; National Endowment for the Humanities; University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-22.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ↑ Weiss, Holger (2013). "The Danish Gold Coast as a Multinational and Entangled Space, c. 1700–1850". Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity. Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology (in Turanci). 37. pp. 243–260. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6_14. ISBN 978-1-4614-6201-9. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
11. ↑ Micots, Courtnay (2010). African Coastal Elite Architecture: Cultural Authentication During the Colonial Period in Anomabo, Ghana (in Turanci). University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
12. ↑ Doortmont, Michel (2005). The Pen-pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities by Charles Francis Hutchison: A Collective Biography of Elite Society in the Gold Coast Colony (in Turanci). Brill. ISBN 9789004140974. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
13. ↑ Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana (in Turanci). BRILL. pp. 133, 134, 139 175, 176. ISBN 978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30.
14. ↑ Bown, Lalage (9 October 2007). "Kwesi Brew". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
15. ↑ Quayson, Ato (13 August 2014). Oxford Street, Accra: City Life and the Itineraries of Transnationalism (in Turanci). Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822376293. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1 16.2} Simonsen, Gunvor (April 2015). "Belonging in Africa: Frederik Svane and Christian Protten on the Gold Coast in the Eighteenth Century". Itinerario (in Turanci). 39 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1017/S0165115315000145. ISSN 0165-1153. S2CID 162672218.
17. ↑ Reynolds, Edward (1974). "The Rise and Fall of an African Merchant Class on the Gold Coast 1830-1874". Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in Faransanci). 14 (54): 253–264. doi:10.3406/cea.1974.2644. ISSN 0008-0055. S2CID 144896027.
18. ↑ Green, Toby, ed. (2012-08-16). Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Pre-Colonial Western Africa (in Turanci). British Academy. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.001.0001. ISBN 9780191754180.
19. ↑ Konadu, Kwasi (2009). "Euro-African Commerce and Social Chaos: Akan Societies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". History in Africa (in Turanci). 36: 265–292. doi:10.1353/hia.2010.0001. ISSN 1558-2744. S2CID 143251998. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
20. ↑ Salm, Steven J.; Falola, Toyin (2002). Culture and Customs of Ghana (in Turanci). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780313320507.