Ilimin halittu

Ilimin halittu
branch of biology (en) da academic discipline (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	biology da exact science (en)
Hashtag (mul)	microbiology
Gudanarwan	microbiologist (en)

Microbiology (daga Tsohon Girkanci μīκρος (mīkros) da 'bincike na') shine binciken kimiyya na microorganisms, wadanda ke da unicellular (ɗaya-cells), multicellular (wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa), ko acellular (marasa kwayoyin cuta).^[1] Microbiology ya ƙunshi fannoni da yawa ciki har da virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, da parasitology.

Eukaryotic microorganisms suna da membrane-bound organels kuma sun haɗa da fungi da protists, yayin da kwayoyin prokaryotic - dukansu microorganisms ne - ana rarraba su a al'ada kamar yadda ba su da membrane na organelles kuma suna haɗa da Bacteria da Archaea.^[2] Masana ilimin halittu na al'ada sun dogara da al'ada, launi, da microscopy don warewa da gano microorganisms. Koyaya, ƙasa da 1% na microorganisms da ke cikin mahalli na yau da kullun ana iya al'ada a ware ta amfani da hanyoyin yanzu.^[3] Tare da fitowar biotechnology, Microbiologists a halin yanzu sun dogara da kayan aikin ilmin halitta irin su ganowar DNA, alal misali, jerin Kwayoyin halitta na 16S rRNA da aka yi amfani da su don gano kwayar cuta.

An rarraba Kwayoyin cuta daban-daban a matsayin kwayoyin halitta ^[4] saboda an dauke su ko dai microorganisms masu sauƙi ko kwayoyin da suka rikitarwa. Prions, ba a taɓa la'akari da kwayoyin cuta ba, masu binciken ƙwayoyin cuta sun bincika su; duk da haka, yayin da tasirin asibiti da aka gano a gare su an fara zaton ne saboda cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, masu binciken ƙwayar cuta sun ɗauki bincike - gano "furotin masu kamuwa".

An yi hasashen wanzuwar microorganisms ƙarni da yawa kafin a fara lura da su, misali ta Jains a Indiya da Marcus Terentius Varro a Roma ta dā. Binciken microscope na farko da aka rubuta shi ne na jikin 'ya'yan itace, na Robert Hooke a cikin 1666, amma firist na Jesuit Athanasius Kircher mai yiwuwa ne na farko da ya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ya ambaci lura da madara da kayan lalata a cikin 1658. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek an dauke shi uban ilimin microbiology yayin da ya lura kuma yayi gwaji tare da kwayoyin microscopic a cikin shekarun 1670, ta amfani da microscopes masu sauƙi na ƙirar sa. Ilimin kimiyyar microbiology ya bunkasa a karni na 19 ta hanyar aikin Louis Pasteur da kuma ilimin kimiyyar likita Robert Koch .

1. ↑ "Microbiology". Nature. Nature Portfolio (of Springer Nature). Retrieved 2020-02-01.
2. ↑ Pace NR (May 2006). "Time for a change". Nature (in Turanci). 441 (7091): 289. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..289P. doi:10.1038/441289a. PMID 16710401. S2CID 4431143.
3. ↑ Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH (March 1995). "Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation". Microbiological Reviews. 59 (1): 143–169. doi:10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995. PMC 239358. PMID 7535888.
4. ↑ "Are Viruses Alive?". 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2007-07-23.