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Muhammad (c. 570 zuwa 8 June 632 CE), Larabci مُحَمَّد بنِ عَبْد ٱللَّٰه , da Hausa Muhammadu ko Mamman ko Mahammad, da Larabci kuma (مُحَمَّد) furuci [Muħammad]; Yayi rayuwa a tsakanin shekarun c. 570 CE zuwa 8 Juni 632 CE, ya kasance Annabi kuma Manzo, wato dan aiken Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki, wanda aka aiko shi domin ya tabbatar da Addinin da Annabawan da suka gabace shi suka koyar, kamar Annabi Ibrahim da Annabi Musa da Annabi Isah da dukkannin sauran Annabawa da Manzanni, (tsira da amincin Allah su ƙara tabbata a garesu). Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) shi ne cikamakon Annabawa kuma Annabin karshe, wato wanda daga kansa babu wani manzo ko Annabi da zai zo a bayan shi, kuma ya haɗa kan dukkan Larabawa da wasu kabilun duniya inda suka dundule waje daya a karkashin Addinin musulunci, tare da daidaita dabi'u da halayan 'yan Adam ta hanyar koyar da su sakon Ubangiji (Al qur'ani da Hadisi) wato Shari'a.[1]
Ya kasance shugaban addinin Larabawa da Ajamawa, mai koyar da zamantakewa, siyasa kuma wanda ya kafa addinin Musulunci.[2] A bisa koyarwar addinin Islama, shi Annabi ne, an aiko shi don yin wa'azi da tabbatar da tauhidi (kaɗaita Allah) na Annabi Adamu, Annabi Ibrahim, Annabi Musa, Annabi Isah (Yesu), da dai sauran Annabawa.[2][3][4][5] An yi Imani da shi Annabin Allah ne na ƙarshe a cikin dukkan manyan rassa na Islama, ko da yake wasu mahangogin zamani sun rabu da wannan imani.[n 1] Muhammad yana da masoya sosai a yankin Larabawa, Afirka da kuma Asiya. Al'ƙur'ani ne tushen addininsa da kuma Hadisi, haka zalika da koyarwarsa da kuma ayyukansa na kafa tushen Musulunci.
An haifi Muhammad kimanin shekara ta 570 CE a Makka.[6] Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdul-Muttalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban ƙabilar kuraishawa ne Abd al-Muttalib bn Hashim, kuma ya rasu watanni kadan kafin haihuwar Muhammadu. Mahaifiyar sa Amina ta rasu lokacin Annabi yana da shekaru shida a duniya, ta bar shi a matsayin maraya.[7] Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa Abu Talib.[8] A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don wasu darare na addu'a. Lokacin da yake shekara ta 40, Muhammadu ya ba da labarin Jibrilu ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon[6][9] kuma ya sami wahayin shi na farko daga Allah. A cikin shekara ta 613,[10] Muhammadu ya fara wa'azin waɗannan ayoyin a fili,[11] yana shelar cewa "Allah ɗaya ne", cikakkiyar "mika wuya" (musulunci) ga Allah[12] ita ce hanya madaidaiciya (dīn), [13] da cewa shi Annabi kuma manzon Allah ne, kwatankwacin sauran Annabawa a Musulunci.[14][15][16]
Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, amman daga baya sunyi yawa, kuma sun fuskanci mushrikan Makkah gaba da gaba, na tsawon shekaru 13 ana gwabza yaƙi. Don guje wa tsanantawar da kafirai suke ci gaba da yi musu, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa ƙasar Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (wanda aka fi sani da Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan taron, Hijira, shine farkon kalandar Musulunci, wanda kuma aka sani da Kalandar Hijira. A Madina, Muhammadu ya haɗa kabilu a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madin. A cikin watan Disamban shekarar 629, bayan gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru takwas da kabilun garin Makkah, Annabi Muhammadu ya tara ayarin sojojin musulmai guda 10,000, inda sukayi tattaki har zuwa birnin Makkah. Wannan tattaki bai samu wani tsaiko ba, inda Annabi Muhammadu ya kwace garin Makkah ba tare da wani zubar da jini (da yawa) ba. Acikin alif 632, jim kadan bayan dawowa daga Hajjin bankwana, manzon Allah ya fara rashin lafiya inda daga bisani ya rasu. A yayin rasuwarsa, da yawa daga cikin Yankunan Larabawa sun karbi musulunci.[17][18]
Umurni daga Allah]) wa annabi Muhammadu har zuwa lokacin mutuwarsa, su ne suka hada littafi mai tsarki wato Al-Qur'ani, wanda musulmai suke dauka a matsayin "Kalaman Ubangiji" akan inda aka gina dokokin addinin. Bacin Al-Qur'ani kuma, akwai koyarwar annabi da kuma ayyukansa (Sunnah), wadanda ake samu acikin Hadisai da kuma Sira (tarihin rayuwarsa), suma ana amfani da su a matsayin tushen shari'ar musulunci (duba Shari'a). shekara ta 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza faɗa da ƙabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara dakaru masu tuba musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka . Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da zubar da jini kadan. A cikin shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa sun musulunta.[19][20]
Ana turo masa da wahayi daga Mala`ika Jibril wato ayoyin (kowannen su daya ana kiran shi da Ayah – A zahiri, “Alamar [Allah]”) da Muhammadu ya bayar da rahoton samunsa har mutuwarsa, sun kasance ayoyin Al-ƙur’ani, waɗanda Musulmai ke la’akari da su a matsayin “Kalmar Allah” ta zahiri wadda addinin ya ginu. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa (sunnah), da aka samu a cikin Hadisi da sira (tarihin annabi) wallafe-wallafen kundin tarihin annabi, ana amfani da su a matsayin tushen shari'ar Musulunci.
(duba Shari'a).
- ↑ Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
- ↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
- ↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Watt (1974), p. 7.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of World History (1998), p. 452
- ↑ Howarth, Stephen. Knights Templar. 1985. 08033994793.ABA p. 199
- ↑ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, pp. 26–27. UK Islamic Academy. 08033994793.ABA.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ F.E. Peters (2003), p. 9.
- ↑ Esposito (1998), p. 12; (1999) p. 25; (2002) pp. 4–5
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Muhammad", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world.
- ↑ See: Holt (1977a), p. 57. Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32.
- ↑ "Muhammad", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world
- ↑ See:
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