Opera

Opera
Nau'in kiɗa, theatrical genre (en) da type of dramatico-musical work (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	theatre music (en) , classical music (en) , musical drama (en) da composed musical work (en)
Farawa	16 century
Facet of (en)	musical theater (en)
Ƙasa da aka fara	Turai
Tarihin maudu'i	opera in Arabic (en) , opera in English (en) da opera in Africa (en)
Gudanarwan	répétiteur (en) , opera vocal coach (en) da opera singer (en)
Nada jerin	list of prominent operas (en)

Opera wani nau'i ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda kida ke da tushe kuma mawaka ke daukar rawar ban mamaki. Irin wannan "aiki" (fassarar ainihin kalmar a Italiyanci "opera") yawanci haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin mawaƙa da mawallafi ^[1] kuma ya haɗa da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, shimfidar wuri, kaya, da kuma wani lokacin rawa ko ballet. Yawanci ana yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin gidan wasan opera, tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa wanda tun farkon ƙarni na 19 madugu ke jagoranta. Kodayake wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa yana da alaƙa da opera, ana ganin su biyun sun bambanta da juna. ^[2]

Opera muhimmin bangare ne na al'adar kiɗan gargajiya ta Yammacin Turai. ^[3] Asali an fahimci shi azaman yanki ne gabaɗaya, sabanin wasan kwaikwayo tare da waƙoƙi, opera ya zo ya haɗa da nau'ikan opera, gami da wasu waɗanda suka haɗa da maganganun magana kamar Singspiel da Opéra comique. A cikin wasan opera na al'ada, mawaƙa suna amfani da salon waƙa guda biyu: rera waƙa, salon salon magana, ^[4] da aria mai ɗaukar kansa. Karni na 19 ya ga tashin ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa.

Opera ta samo asali ne a Italiya a ƙarshen karni na 16 (tare da Jacopo Peri mafi yawan Lost Dafne, wanda aka samar a Florence a 1598) musamman daga ayyukan Claudio Monteverdi, musamman L'Orfeo, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya bazu cikin sauran Turai: Heinrich Schütz a Jamus, Jean-Baptiste Lully a Faransa, da Henry Purcell a Ingila duk sun taimaka wajen kafa al'adun ƙasarsu a ƙarni na 17. A cikin karni na 18, wasan opera na Italiya ya ci gaba da mamaye yawancin Turai (ban da Faransa), yana jan hankalin mawakan kasashen waje irin su George Frideric Handel. Opera seria ita ce mafi girman nau'in wasan opera na Italiya, har sai da Christoph Willibald Gluck ya mayar da martani ga aikin wucin gadi tare da wasan operas na "sake fasalin" a cikin 1760s. Shahararren opera na ƙarshen karni na 18 shine Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, wanda ya fara da opera seria amma ya fi shahara da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, musamman Aure na Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro), Don Giovanni, da Così fan tutte. haka kuma Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Sace daga Seraglio), da kuma The Magic flute (Die Zauberflöte), alamomi a cikin al'adar Jamus.

Na uku na farko na karni na 19 ya ga babban matsayi na salon bel canto, tare da Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti da Vincenzo Bellini duk suna ƙirƙirar ayyukan sa hannu na wannan salon. An kuma ga zuwan babbar opera wanda ayyukan Daniel Auber da Giacomo Meyerbeer da kuma Carl Maria von Weber ta gabatar da Romantische Oper (Opera Romantic na Jamus). Tsakanin tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ya kasance zamanin zinare na wasan opera, wanda Giuseppe Verdi ya jagoranta kuma ya mamaye shi a Italiya da Richard Wagner a Jamus. Shahararriyar opera ta ci gaba har zuwa zamanin verismo a Italiya da wasan opera na zamani na Faransa har zuwa Giacomo Puccini da Richard Strauss a farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 19, al'adun wasan kwaikwayo iri ɗaya sun bayyana a tsakiya da gabashin Turai, musamman a Rasha da Bohemia. Ƙarni na 20 ya ga gwaje-gwaje da yawa tare da salon zamani, irin su atonality da serialism (Arnold Schoenberg da Alban Berg), neoclassicism (Igor Stravinsky ), da kuma minimalism (Philip Glass da John Adams). Tare da haɓaka fasahar rikodi, mawaƙa irin su Enrico Caruso da Maria Callas sun zama sanannun masu sauraro da yawa waɗanda suka wuce da'irar opera magoya baya. Tun da aka kirkiro rediyo da talabijin, ana kuma yin wasan opera a kan (da kuma rubuta wa) waɗannan kafofin watsa labarai. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, manyan gidajen opera da yawa sun fara gabatar da watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo kai tsaye na wasan kwaikwayonsu a gidajen sinima a duk faɗin duniya. Tun daga 2009, ana iya sauke cikakken wasan kwaikwayo kuma ana watsa su kai tsaye.

1. ↑ Richard Wagner and Arrigo Boito are notable creators who combined both roles.
2. ↑ Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (Concise Oxford English Dictionary); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (Amanda Holden, Viking Opera Guide); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" (Pears' Cyclopaedia, 1983 ed.).
3. ↑ Comparable art forms from various other parts of the world, many of them ancient in origin, are also sometimes called "opera" by analogy, usually prefaced with an adjective indicating the region (for example, Chinese opera). These independent traditions are not derivative of Western opera but are rather distinct forms of musical theatre. Opera is also not the only type of Western musical theatre: in the ancient world, Greek drama featured singing and instrumental accompaniment; and in modern times, other forms such as the musical have appeared.
4. ↑ Apel 1969 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFApel1969 (help)