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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis
biological process (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cell metabolism (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara metabolism (en) Fassara
Ma'aikaci phytoplankton (en) Fassara, shuka, algae (en) Fassara da Kwayar cutar Bakteriya
Product, material, or service produced or provided (en) Fassara glucose (en) Fassara da iskar shaƙa
Has characteristic (en) Fassara photosynthetic efficiency (en) Fassara
Tarihin maudu'i Evolution of photosynthesis (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara sunlight (en) Fassara, Carbon dioxide da ruwa

Photosynthesis (/ˌfoʊtəˈsɪnθəsɪs/ FOH-tə-SINTH-ə-sis)[1]tsarin halitta ne wanda ta hanyar halayen hoto, kamar yawancin shuke-shuke, algae, da cyanobacteria, suna canza makamashin haske, yawanci daga hasken rana, zuwa makamashin sinadarai da ake buƙata don ƙara haɓaka haɓakarsu. Photosynthesis  yawanci yana nufin

oxygenic photosynthesis, wani tsari ne dake samar da oxygen. Kwayoyin Photosynthetic suna adana makamashin sinadari wanda aka samar a cikin mahadi na cikin salula (haɗin da ke ɗauke da carbon) kamar sukari, glycogen, cellulose da starches. Don amfani da wannan kuzarin sinadari da aka adana, sel sel suna daidaita mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar numfashin salula. Photosynthesis yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa da kiyaye abun ciki na iskar oxygen na sararin duniya, kuma yana samar da mafi yawan makamashin halittun da ake buƙata don sarkar rayuwa a duniya.[2]

Wasu kwayoyin cuta kuma suna yin photosynthesis anoxygenic, wanda ke amfani da bacteriochlorophyll  don raba hydrogen sulfide  a matsayin mai rage maimakon ruwa, yana samar da sulfur maimakon oxygen. Archaea kamar Halobacterium kuma suna yin nau'in photosynthesis maras-carbon, inda ake amfani da mafi sauƙin photopigment retinal da microbial rhodopsin  abubuwan da aka samu don ɗaukar hasken kore da wutar lantarki proton famfo don haɗa adenosine triphosphate kai tsaye, TPgy currency "na sel. Irin wannan archaeal photosynthesis na iya kasancewa farkon nau'in photosynthesis wanda ya samo asali a Duniya, tun daga Paleoarchean, kafin na cyanobacteria (duba hasashen Duniya Purple)

Yayin da cikakkun bayanai na iya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan sunadaran da ke dauke da sinadarin chromophores da makamashin hasken da ke shanyewa. A cikin shuke-shuke, waɗannan pigments sune chlorophylls (samuwar porphyrin da ke ɗaukar ja da shuɗi  bakan haske, don haka nuna kore) waɗanda ke cikin chloroplasts, masu yawa a cikin sel ganye. A cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, an saka su a cikin membrane na plasma. A cikin waɗannan halayen masu dogaro da haske, ana amfani da wasu kuzari don cire electrons daga abubuwan da suka dace, kamar ruwa, samar da iskar oxygen. Ana amfani da hydrogen wanda aka 'yanta ta hanyar tsagawar ruwa wajen ƙirƙirar mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu waɗanda ke shiga cikin matakai masu kuzari: rage nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) da ATP.

A cikin shuke-shuke, algae, da cyanobacteria, ana haɗe suga ta hanyar jerin halayen masu zaman kansu na haske da ake kira zagayen Calvin. A cikin wannan tsari, ana shigar da iskar carbon dioxide cikin abubuwan da aka riga aka sani, kamar ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[3] Yin amfani da ATP da NADPH da aka samar ta hanyar halayen masu dogaro da haske, ana rage abubuwan da aka samu sannan a cire su don samar da ƙarin carbohydrates, kamar glucose. A cikin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar sake zagayowar Krebs  don cimma ƙarshen wannan.

Kwayoyin halittar photosythetic na farko sun samo asali ne tun farkon tarihin juyin halitta na rayuwa ta amfani da rage abubuwa kamar hydrogen ko hydrogen sulfide, maimakon ruwa, a matsayin tushen electrons.[4] Cyanobacteria ya bayyana daga baya; Yawan iskar oxygen da suka samar ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye zuwa iskar oxygen ta Duniya, [5] wanda ya sa juyin halitta mai rikitarwa ya yiwu. Matsakaicin adadin kuzarin da photosynthesis na duniya ya ɗauka shine kusan terawatts 130,[6][7][8] wanda shine kusan sau takwas na yawan ƙarfin wayewar ɗan adam.[9] Kwayoyin Photosynthetic kuma suna canza kusan tan biliyan 100-115 (91-104 Pg petagrams, ko biliyoyin metrik ton), na carbon zuwa biomass a kowace shekara.[9][10]An gano Photosynthesis a cikin 1779 ta Jan Ingenhousz wanda ya nuna cewa tsire-tsire suna buƙatar haske, ba kawai ƙasa da ruwa ba.

  1. ↑ Photosynthesis". lexico.com (Lexico UK English Dictionary). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  2. ↑ Bryant, Donald A.; Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik (Nov 2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated". Trends in Microbiology. 14 (11): 488–496. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001. PMID 16997562.
  3. ↑ Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B.; Campbel, Neil A. (2011). Biology (International ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. pp. 235, 244. ISBN 978-0-321-73975-9. This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as carbon fixation
  4. ↑ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88..109O. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. S2CID 20364747.
  5. ↑ Buick R (Aug 2008). "When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 363 (1504): 2731–2743. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0041. PMC 2606769. PMID 18468984.
  6. ↑ Whitmarsh, John; Govindjee (1999). "Chapter 2: The photosynthetic process". In Singhal G.S.; Renger G.; Sopory S.K.; Irrgang K.D.; Govindjee (eds.). Concepts in photobiology: photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 11–51. ISBN 978-0-7923-5519-9. Archived from the original on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2012-07-07. It is estimated that photosynthetic organisms remove 100×1015 grams of carbon/year fixed by photosynthetic organisms. This is equivalent to 4×1018 kJ/yr of free energy stored in reduced carbon. (in Part 8: "Global photosynthesis and the atmosphere")
  7. ↑ Nealson KH, Conrad PG (Dec 1999). "Life: past, present and future". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 354 (1392): 1923–1939. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532. PMC 1692713. PMID 10670014.
  8. ↑ Steger U, Achterberg W, Blok K, Bode H, Frenz W, Gather C, Hanekamp G, Imboden D, Jahnke M, Kost M, Kurz R, Nutzinger HG, Ziesemer T (2005). Sustainable development and innovation in the energy sector. Berlin: Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-540-23103-5. Archived from the original on 2016-09-02. Retrieved 2016-02-21. The average global rate of photosynthesis is 130 TW.
  9. ↑ Photosynthesis". McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. Vol. 13. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. ISBN 978-0-07-144143-8.
  10. ↑ Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (Jul 1998). "Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components". Science. 281 (5374): 237–240. Bibcode:1998Sci...281..237F. doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.237. PMID 9657713. Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
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