Sadarwa

Sadarwa
branch of science (en) , academic discipline (en) da industry (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	remote communication (en)
Tarihin maudu'i	history of telecommunication (en)

Sadarwa ita ce watsa bayanai ta nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban ta hanyar waya, rediyo, talabijin, ko wasu tsarin lantarki. ^[1] Ta samo asali ne a cikin sha'awar mutane don sadarwa a kan nisa fiye da yadda za a iya yiwuwa tare da muryar mutum, amma tare da ma'auni na dacewa; don haka, tsarin jinkirin (kamar sakon gidan waya) an cire su daga filin.

Kafofin watsa labarai na watsawa a cikin sadarwa sun samo asali ne ta matakai masu yawa na fasaha, daga tashoshi da sauran sigina na gani (kamar siginar hayaki, telegraphs na semaphore, siginar sigina, da heliographs na gani), zuwa kebul na lantarki da hasken lantarki, gami da haske. Irin wadannan hanyoyin watsawa galibi ana rarraba su zuwa tashoshi na sadarwa, wadanda ke ba da fa'ida ta mafi yawan lokutan sadarwar lokaci guda. Ana yawan amfani da sadarwa ta jam'i.

Sauran misalan sadarwar na nesa na zamani sun hada da sakon sauti, kamar kwakkwaran ganga, Kaho mai huhu, da karar busa. Fasaha na karni na 20 da 21 da sadarwa mai nisa yawanci sun haɗa da fasahar lantarki , kamar telegraph, tarho, talabijin da na'urar buga waya, cibiyoyin sadarwa, rediyo, microwave, fiber na gani, da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa.

An fara juyin juya hali a cikin sadarwar wireless a cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20 tare da ci gaban farko a cikin sadarwar rediyo ta Guglielmo Marconi, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a Physics a 1909, da sauran fitattun majagaba masu kirkira da masu habakawa a fagen sadarwar lantarki. Wadannan sun haɗa da Charles Wheatstone da Samuel Morse (masu ƙirƙira na telegraph), Antonio Meucci da Alexander Graham Bell (wasu masu ƙirƙira da masu haɓaka tarho, duba Invention of the telephone), Edwin Armstrong da Lee de Forest (masu ƙirƙira na rediyo), haka kuma Vladimir K. Zworykin, John Logie Baird da Philo Farnsworth (wasu daga cikin masu kirkiro talabijin).

An kirkiri cibiyoyin sadarwa na farko tare da wayoyi na tagulla a matsayin matsakaici na zahiri don watsa sigina. Shekaru da yawa, ana amfani da wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa don sabis na waya na asali, wato murya da telegram. Tun daga tsakiyar 1990s, yayin da intanit ta habaka cikin shahara, a hankali an maye gurbin murya ta hanyar bayanai. Ba da dadewa ba wannan ya nuna karancin jan karfe a cikin watsa bayanai, wanda ya haifar da habaka na'urorin gani.

1. ↑ Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)