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Mgbanwe ihu igwe na obodo ukwu

E depụtara Jakarta dị ka obodo kachasị njọ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na nyocha Verisk Maplecroft nke 2021.[1]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na obodo nwere njikọ miri emi. Obodo bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha enye aka na ohere kacha mma maka ikwado mgbanwe ihu igwe.[1] Obodo bụkwa otu n'ime ndị kacha ngwa ngwa akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe,[1] ma eleghị anya otu n'ime ihe ngwọta kachasị mkpa maka ibelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụmụ mmadụ.[2][1] Ihe karịrị ọkara nke Ndị bi n'ụwa nọ n'obodo ukwu, na-eri oke nri na ngwaahịa ndị a na-emepụta n'èzí obodo.[1] Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-ebute nsogbu ịdị mma ikuku[5] N'afọ 2016, obodo ukwu 31 kwuru na ha nwere opekata mpe nde iri n'ime ndị bi na ha, 8 n'ime ha karịrị nde mmadụ 20.[6] UN na-eme atụmatụ na 68% nke ndị bi n'ụwa ga-ebi na ya mpaghara ime obodo n'afọ 2050.[7] N'ihi ya, obodo ukwu nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihe owuwu na njem njem—abụọ n'ime ihe ndị na-enye aka n'ikuku okpomọkụ n'ụwa.[4] Ọzọkwa, N'ihi usoro na-emepụta esemokwu ihu igwe na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu igwe, a na-atụ anya na mpaghara obodo ga-eto eto n'ime iri afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, na-emesi akụrụngwa ike na itinye uche na ndị ogbenye dara ogbenye n'obodo.


[2][3][4][5][6][7][4][8][9]

Hamburg, Germany bụ nnukwu obodo nke nwere ọtụtụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, nke dugara na mbelata mmepụta akụ na ụba.[10]

N'ihi oke njupụta na mmetụta dị ka agwaetiti okpomọkụ nke obodo, mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta obodo ukwu nke ukwuu, na-eme ka nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a ka njọ, dị ka mmetọ ikuku, ụkọ mmiri, na ọrịa okpomọkụ na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe.[11][12] Nnyocha egosiwo na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ahụ gafere 39 °C maka oge ụfọdụ, oke okpomọkụ nwere ike ime.[13] Ụfọdụ n'ime ọnọdụ ihu igwe ndị ọzọ siri ike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara gụnyere nnukwu idei mmiri, snowstorms, ice storms, okpomọkụ, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na ajọ ifufe, nke na-egbu egbu ma na-emerụ ahụ.[14] Nnyocha egosila na ebili mmiri okpomọkụ nwere ike okpukpu atọ karịa ka ọ ga-eme ma na-akawanye ike kemgbe afọ 1960.[15] Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, site na 1998-2017, oke okpomọkụ gburu ihe karịrị mmadụ 166,000.[16] Ọzọkwa, n'ihi na e wuru ọtụtụ obodo n'osimiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ osimiri, obodo na-enwekarị mmetụta nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, nke na-akpata idei mmiri[11] na mbuze, mmetụta ndị ahụ na-ejikọta ya na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu, dị ka ọdịda na mbelata mmiri.

Akụkọ sitere n'aka C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group kọwara ikuku na-adabere na oriri dị ka nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu karịa ikuku na-emepụta ihe n'ime obodo. Akụkọ ahụ na-eme atụmatụ na 85% nke ikuku na-emetụta ngwaahịa n'ime obodo na-emepụta na mpụga obodo ahụ.[17] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na itinye ego na obodo ga-adị mkpa iji belata mmetụta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ndị kachasị enye aka na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enye ohere maka nkesa nke iji ala eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na mgbakwunye osisi, imeziwanye arụmọrụ njem, na iwu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi nnukwu ọrụ simenti na mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmeziwanye na usoro iwu na ihu igwe).N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a tụkwara aro ka mmepe obodo na-abawanye ụba dị ka ihe na-ebelata mmetụta na ọnụego carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ karịsịa n'ihi na mmepe obodo nwere ike teknụzụ nke nwere ike inyere aka ịkwalite nkwado.[18] Ndepụta nke ngwọta mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere mmetụta dị elu na-agụnye ngwọta ndị na-elekwasị anya n'obodo; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Project Drawdown na-atụ aro ọtụtụ nnukwu itinye ego n'obodo ukwu, gụnyere imeziwanye akụrụngwa ịnyịnya ígwè, mmezi ụlọ, okpomọkụ distrikti, njem ọha na eze, na obodo ndị a na-aga ije dị ka ngwọta dị mkpa.[19][20][21][22][23]E nwere ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-anwa ibelata mmetụta nke agwaetiti okpomọkụ obodo site na ite okporo ụzọ ọcha. Okpomọkụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị nwere uwe ahụ bụ ~ 12 F na-erughị okporo ụzọ na-enweghị na Phoenix.[24]

N'ihi nke a, ndị obodo mba ụwa emeela njikọ nke obodo (dị ka C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group na ICLEI) na ebumnuche iwu, dị ka Sustainable Development Goal 11 ("obodo na obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide"), iji rụọ ọrụ ma lekwasị anya na ngwọta ndị a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na 2022, enwere mmebi na ọganihu nke ebumnuche ahụ. Enwere ọganihu pere mpe n'ime ka obodo na ebe obibi mmadụ dịkwuo mma ibi na Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America na Caribbean na mba agwaetiti Pacific. Enwere ọganihu ziri ezi na Central na Southern Asia na Eastern na South-East Asia. Agbanyeghị, emeela ya na mba ndị mepere emepe.[25]

  1. ↑ Climate change: the cities most at risk (en). The Week UK. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved on 2022-09-09.
  2. ↑ Zenghelis. "Climate change and cities: a prime source of problems, yet key to a solution", The Guardian, 19 November 2015. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. (in en-GB)
  3. ↑ Cities: a 'cause of and solution to' climate change (en). UN News (18 September 2019). Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bazaz (2018). "Summary for Urban Policymakers – What the IPCC Special Report on 1.5C Means for Cities". DOI:10.24943/scpm.2018. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
  5. ↑ Mayer. Air Pollution in Cities. Science Direct. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved on October 24, 2022.
  6. ↑ Sancino (2022-07-03). "What can city leaders do for climate change? Insights from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group network". Regional Studies 56 (7): 1224–1233. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2021.2005244. ISSN 0034-3404. Retrieved on 21 October 2022. 
  7. ↑ 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. www.un.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved on 2021-10-07.
  8. ↑ With people crowding into urban areas, how can cities protect themselves against climate change? (en). University of Helsinki (14 May 2019). Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  9. ↑ Abrahams (August 2020). "Conflict in abundance and peacebuilding in scarcity: Challenges and opportunities in addressing climate change and conflict" (in en). World Development 132: 104998. DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104998. Retrieved on 8 May 2021. 
  10. ↑ Hunger stones, wrecks and bones: Europe’s drought brings past to surface (en). The Guardian. Retrieved on 2023-02-20.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 (2021-08-09) "Summary for Policymakers", in Masson-Delmotte: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC / Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 2021-08-09. 
  12. ↑ Heidari (June 2020). "A Probabilistic Approach for Characterization of Sub-Annual Socioeconomic Drought Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationships in a Changing Environment" (in en). Water 12 (6): 1522. DOI:10.3390/w12061522. 
  13. ↑ Kjellstrom (6 March 2009). "Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries". Global Health Action 2 (2009): 10.3402/gha.v2i0.1958. DOI:10.3402/gha.v2i0.1958. PMID 20027264. 
  14. ↑ francis (1998). "extreme weather and climate change". Retrieved on 22 October 2022. 
  15. ↑ Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate. EPA. United States Environmental Protection Services. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved on 23 October 2022.
  16. ↑ World Health Organization. (2023). Heatwaves. World Health Organization. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/heatwaves#tab=tab_1
  17. ↑ (June 2019) The Future of Urban Consumption in a 1.5 C World. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Retrieved on 11 November 2020. 
  18. ↑ Wang (1 August 2015). "A semi-parametric panel data analysis on the urbanization-carbon emissions nexus for OECD countries". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 48: 704–709. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.046. 
  19. ↑ Bicycle Infrastructure @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions (en). Project Drawdown (6 February 2020). Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  20. ↑ Building Retrofitting @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions (en). Project Drawdown (6 February 2020). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  21. ↑ District Heating @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions (en). Project Drawdown (6 February 2020). Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  22. ↑ Public Transit @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions (en). Project Drawdown (6 February 2020). Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Walkable Cities @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions (en). Project Drawdown (6 February 2020). Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved on 11 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Cusick, D. (2021, October 3). To beat the heat, Phoenix paints its streets Gray. Scientific American. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/to-beat-the-heat-phoenix-paints-its-streets-gray/
  25. ↑ United Nations Statistics Division. (2022, June). Progress chart - SDG indicators. United Nations. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/progress-chart/
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