Talibanas

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Talibanas
طالبان (ṭālibān)

Talibano vėliava
Įkūrėjai	Mohammed Omar Abdul Ghani Baradar
Vadovai	Mohammed Omar (1994–2013) Akhtar Mansour (2015–2016) Hibatullah Akhundzada (2016–dabar)
Veiklos data	1994–1996 (karinė grupuotė) 1996–2001 (1-oji vyriausybė) 2002–2021 (sukilėliai) 2021–dabar (2-oji vyriausybė)
Grupė(s)	Dauguma puštūnai; mažuma tadžikai ir uzbekai
Būstinė	Kandaharas (1994–2011; 2021–dabar)
Veiklos teritorija
Ideologija	Šariatas Islamizmas Džihadizmas Islamo fundamentalizmas
Dydis	75 000 kovotojų (2021)[1][2][3]
Sąjungininkai	Valstybiniai sąjungininkai:  Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos (ribota parama ISIS–Talibano konflikte)[4][5][6][7]  Kinija (įtarta JAV, bet paneigta Kinijos)[8]  Iranas (įtarta, bet paneigta Irano)[9][10][11]  Pakistanas (įtarta, bet paneigta Pakistano)[12][13][14]  Kataras (įtarta Saudo Arabijos, bet paneigta Kataro)[15][16]  Rusija (įtarta, bet paneigta Rusijos)[17][18][19]  Saudo Arabija (įtarta, bet paneigta Saudo Arabijos)[20][16]  Turkmėnija (iki 2001)[21][22]  Jungtiniai Arabų Emyratai (iki 2001)[23] Nevalstybiniai sąjungininkai:  Al-Qaeda[24] (neigiama Talibano) Lashkar-e-Taiba[25] Jaish-e-Mohammed[25] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[26][27] (neigiama Talibano)[28] Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin[29] (neigė 2016–2021,[30] nuo 2021)[31] Uzbekistano islamo judėjimas[32][33]
Priešininkai	Valstybiniai priešininkai: Afganistano Islamo Respublika (iki 2021)  JAV (iki 2021)  Jungtinė Karalystė (iki 2021)  NATO (iki 2021) ISAF Nevalstybiniai priešininkai: NRF  Islamo valstybė
Karai ir mūšiai	Afganistano pilietinis karas (1992–1996) Tadžikistano pilietinis karas (1992–1997)[34] Afganistano pilietinis karas (1996–2001) Afganistano karas (2001–2021) ISIS–Talibano konfliktas Talibano puolimas (2021)

Talibanas (arba Talebanas) (pušt. طالبان = ṭālibān, mokiniai, žinių siekėjai) – sunitų musulmoniškasis judėjimas, kurio nariai nuo 1996 m. iki 2001 m. bei nuo 2021 m. rugpjūčio vidurio valdė didžiąją dalį Afganistano.^[35] Talibanas pastaruoju metu yra įsitraukęs į partizaninę kovą prieš užsienio valstybių pajėgas Afganistane.

Talibano valdomas Islamiškasis Afganistano Emyratas sulaukė diplomatinio pripažinimo tik iš trijų valstybių: Jungtinių Arabų Emyratų, Pakistano ir Saudo Arabijos. Beveik 98 % Talibano narių, įskaitant buvusį grupuotės lyderį Mohamedą Omarą, sudaro Afganistano ir Šiaurės Pakistano puštūnai, likusią dalį sudaro savanoriai iš įvairių Eurazijos šalių.

1. ↑ „Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan“. The White House. 8 July 2021. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 8 July 2021. Nuoroda tikrinta 17 August 2021.
2. ↑ „Taliban Sweep in Afghanistan Follows Years of U.S. Miscalculations“. The New York Times. 14 August 2021. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 17 August 2021. Nuoroda tikrinta 17 August 2021.
3. ↑ „Taliban's Afghanistan takeover raises big questions for U.S. security chiefs“. NBC News. 16 August 2021. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 16 August 2021. Nuoroda tikrinta 17 August 2021.
4. ↑ „Taliban fought IS with 'limited' US military support, US general reveals“. France 24. 10 March 2020.
5. ↑ Sisk, Richard (11 March 2020). „US Has Given 'Limited Support' to Taliban in ISIS Fight, General Says“. Military.com.
6. ↑ Clark, Dartunorro; Da Silva, Chantal; Kube, Courtney (28 August 2021). „2 High Profile ISIS Targets Killed in US Drone Strike in Afghanistan, Pentagon Says“. NBC News. Nuoroda tikrinta 30 August 2021.
7. ↑ Liebermann, Oren; Sidhu, Sandi; Smith-Spark, Laura; Vandoorne, Saskya; Walsh, Nick Paton (30 August 2021). „Nine Family Members, Including Children, Killed in US Strike in Kabul Targeting Suspected IS-K Suicide Bomber, Relative Says“. CNN. Nuoroda tikrinta 30 August 2021.
8. ↑ Multiple Sources:
   • „China offered Afghan militants bounties to attack US soldiers: reports“. Deutsche Welle. 31 December 2020.
   • Gittleson, Ben (1 January 2021). „US investigating unconfirmed intel that China offered bounties on American troops“. ABC7 San Francisco (anglų). „A spokesperson for China's foreign ministry, Wang Wenbin, on Thursday denied the accusation, calling it a "smear and slander against China" that was "completely nonsense" and "fake news."“
9. ↑ Multiple Sources:
   • „Report: Iran pays $1,000 for each U.S. soldier killed by the Taliban“. NBC News. 9 May 2010.
   • Tabatabai, Ariane M. (9 August 2019). „Iran's cooperation with the Taliban could affect talks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan“. The Washington Post.
   • „Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials“. Middle East Institute. 9 January 2017. „Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.“
   • „Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms“. The Wall Street Journal. 11 June 2015. Nuoroda tikrinta 13 June 2015.
   • „Iran denies Taliban were paid bounties to target US troops“. AP NEWS. 18 August 2020.
10. ↑ Patrikarakos, David (25 August 2021). „Iran is an immediate winner of the Taliban takeover | The Spectator“. www.spectator.co.uk (anglų).
11. ↑ Multiple Sources:
    • Salahuddin, Syed (27 May 2018). „Iran funding Taliban to affect US military presence in Afghanistan, say police and lawmakers“. Arab News (anglų).
    • Siddique, Abubakar; Shayan, Noorullah (31 July 2017). „Mounting Afghan Ire Over Iran's Support For Taliban“. RFE/RL (anglų).
12. ↑ Multiple Sources:
    • Jamal, Umair (23 May 2020). „Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks“. The Diplomat.
    • Farmer, Ben (26 August 2020). „Pakistan urges Taliban to get on with Afghan government talks“. The National.
    • „Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed“. The New York Times. 9 August 2017. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 9 August 2017.
13. ↑ Giraldo, Jeanne K. (2007). Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective. Stanford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8047-5566-5. „Pakistan provided military support, including arms, ammunition, fuel, and military advisers, to the Taliban through its Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)“
14. ↑ „Pakistan's support of the Taliban“. Human Rights Watch. 2000. „Of all the foreign powers involved in efforts to sustain and manipulate the ongoing fighting in Afghanistan, Pakistan is distinguished both by the sweep of its objectives and the scale of its efforts, which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and ... directly providing combat support.“
15. ↑ Multiple Sources:
    • „Qatar's Dirty Hands“. National Review. 3 August 2017.
    • „Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy“. Pajhwok Afghan News. 7 August 2017.
16. ↑ ^{16,0 16,1} „Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?“. scroll.in. Nuoroda tikrinta 19 April 2018.
17. ↑ Multiple Sources:
    • Martinez, Luis (10 July 2020). „Top Pentagon officials say Russian bounty program not corroborated“. ABC News.
    • Loyd, Anthony (16 October 2017). „Russia funds Taliban in war against Nato forces“. The Times (anglų). Nuoroda tikrinta 18 September 2021.
18. ↑ Noorzai, Roshan; Sahinkaya, Ezel; Gul Sarwan, Rahim (3 July 2020). „Afghan Lawmakers: Russian Support to Taliban No Secret“. VOA (anglų).
19. ↑ „Russian ambassador denies Moscow supporting Taliban“. Reuters (anglų). 25 April 2016.
20. ↑ Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. „What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?“. The Diplomat.{{cite web}}: CS1 priežiūra: multiple names: authors list (link)
21. ↑ „Turkmenistan-Foreign Relations“. Globalsecurity. Suarchyvuotas originalas 1 September 2017.
22. ↑ „Turkmenistan Takes a Chance on the Taliban“. Stratfor. Suarchyvuotas originalas 8 December 2019.
23. ↑ Guelke, Adrian (25 August 2006). Terrorism and Global Disorder – Adrian Guelke – Google Libros. ISBN 978-1-85043-803-8. Nuoroda tikrinta 15 August 2012.
24. ↑ Katz, Rita. „The Taliban's Victory Is Al Qaeda's Victory“.
25. ↑ ^{25,0 25,1} „Watch: in Pakistan Jaish-e-Muhammed & Lashkar-e-taiba rallies to celebrate Taliban takeover in Afghanistan“. YouTube. Nuoroda tikrinta 23 August 2021.
26. ↑ Roggio, Bill (12 July 2021). „Taliban advances as U.S. completes withdrawal“. FDD's Long War Journal. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 24 July 2021. Nuoroda tikrinta 16 July 2021.
27. ↑ Tom Wheeldon (18 August 2021). „Pakistan cheers Taliban out of 'fear of India' – despite spillover threat“. France 24. „The Afghan militants' closeness to Pakistani jihadist group (TTP or, simply, the Pakistani Taliban) is a particular source of concern. The TTP have carried out scores of deadly attacks since their inception in the 2000s, including the infamous 2014 Peshawar school massacre. The Taliban and the TTP are "two faces of the same coin", Pakistani Army Chief General Qamar Javed Bajwa and ISI boss Lieutenant General Faiz Hameed acknowledged at an off-the-record briefing in July. Indeed, the Taliban reportedly freed a senior TTP commander earlier this month during their sweep through Afghanistan. "Pakistan definitely worries about the galvanising effects the Taliban's victory will have on other Islamist militants, and especially the TTP, which was already resurging before the Taliban marched into Kabul," Michael Kugelman, a South Asia expert at the Wilson Center in Washington, DC, told FRANCE 24. "It's a fear across the establishment."“
28. ↑ „Afghan Taliban reject TTP claim of being a 'branch of IEA'“. 11 December 2021. Nuoroda tikrinta 11 December 2021.„Afghan Taliban deny TTP part of movement, call on group to seek peace with Pakistan“. 11 December 2021.
29. ↑ „Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'“. BBC News. 2 September 2014. Nuoroda tikrinta 3 March 2017.
30. ↑ „Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal“. Al Jazeera. 29 September 2016.
31. ↑ „ISIS Violence Dents Taliban Claims Of Safer Afghanistan“. NDTV.com. 9 November 2021.
32. ↑ „Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban“. DW News. 27 March 2018. „"Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said.“
33. ↑ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (14 June 2016). „Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse“. Long War Journal. Nuoroda tikrinta 6 August 2017.
34. ↑ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 978-1-84511-293-6. Suarchyvuota iš originalo 16 January 2016. Nuoroda tikrinta 17 December 2014.
35. ↑ Egdūnas Račius. Taliban (Talibanas). Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, T. XXIII (Šalc–Toli). – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2013. 446 psl.