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Angkatan Kencana Алтан Орд Altan Ord Altın Urda Ulus Jochi Зүчийн улс | |
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Angkatan Kencana (Bahasa Mongolia: Алтан Орд, Altan Ord, Bahasa Kazakhstan: Алтын Орда, Altyn Orda, Bahasa Tatar: Алтын Урда, Altın Urda; Rusia: Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda) ialah nama Slavik Timur untuk kekhanan Mongol[1][2][3]—kemudian Turkik[4]—Muslim[5] yang diasaskan di bahagian barat Empayar Mongol selepas serangan Mongol ke atas Rus' pada 1240-an: Rusia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan dan Caucasus hari ini. Juga dikenali sebagai Ulus Jochi[4] atau Kekhanan Kipchak (jangan dikelirukan dengan kekhanan Kipchak sebelum penaklukannya oleh Mongol). Kawasan Angkatan Kencana pada kemuncaknya termasuk kebanyakan Eropah Timur dari Pergunungan Ural ke tebing kanan Sungai Danube, menganjur dalam ke timur ke Siberia. Di selatan, tanah Angkatan Kencana bersempadan dengan Laut Hitam, Pergunungan Caucasus, dan wilayah dinasti Mongol yang dikenali sebagai Ilkhanat.[4]
- ^ G. Vernadsky, M. Karpovich: The Mongols and Russia, Yale University Press, 1953
- ^ "Empire of the Golden Horde Diarkibkan 2009-05-05 di Wayback Machine", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Edisi Keenam, 2001-05.
- ^ T. May, "Khanate of the Golden Horde Diarkibkan 2008-06-07 di Wayback Machine", North Georgia College and State University.
- ^ a b c "Golden Horde", dalam Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. Petikan: "also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century."
- ^ Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History oleh Charles J. Halperin, m/s 111