Asya'irah

Asya'irah atau Asy'ariyah (Arab: أشعريةcode: ar is deprecated al-ʾAšʿarīyah atau ٱلْأَشَاعِرَةcode: ar is deprecated al-ʾAšāʿirah) merupakan satu aliran utama dalam pengajian aqidah Ahli Sunah Waljamaah^[1]^[2]. Aliran ini digagaskan oleh Imam Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Asyari,^[3] seorang faqih mazhab Syafii dari abad ke-3 Hijrah/ke-9–ke-10 Masihi.^[7] Ia merupakan aliran rasionalis aqli-naqli^[13] yang bergandingan dengan kelompok Maturidiyah^[6]^[14] dan Athariyah.^[15]^[16]

Alirah Asy'ariyah mengasaskan jalan tengah antara aqidah aliran Athariyah dan Muktazilah dalam teologi Islam, yang bergantung pada kitab suci Islam dan juga rasionalisme teologi berkenaan dengan kuasa dan sifat-sifat Allah.^[4] Asy'ariyah akhirnya menjadi aliran dominan dalam Ahli Sunah Waljamaah^[5]^[17] dan dianggap aliran teologi paling penting dalam sejarah Islam.^[5]

Antara tokoh Asy'ariyah yang terkenal ialah Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Sultan al-Ulama' Syeikh 'Izzuddin Abdul Salam, Imam Jalaluddin al-Suyuti, Ibnu al-Jauzi, al-Nawawi, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Ibnu Asakir, al-Subki, al-Taftazani, al-Baqillani dan al-Baihaqi.^[18] Ulama dan ilmuwan yang mengikuti Asy'ariyah termasuk al-Biruni, Ibnu al-Haitham, Ibnu al-Nafis, Ibnu Battutah dan Ibnu Khaldun.^[19]^[20]

^ Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira 2003 ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6 page 63
^ Pall, Zoltan (31 January 2013). Lebanese Salafis Between the Gulf and Europe. Amsterdam University Press. m/s. 18. ISBN 9789089644510. Dicapai pada 12 July 2016.
^ Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari fima Nussiba ila al-Imam al-Ash`ari (Ibn 'Asakir)
^ ^a ^b ^c Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. LCCN 2005023943.
^ ^a ^b ^c Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". Dalam Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (penyunting). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Diterjemahkan oleh Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.
^ ^a ^b Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". Dalam Schmidtke, Sabine (penyunting). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3. LCCN 2016935488.
^ ^[4]^[5]^[6]
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Frank 2020
^ Halverson 2010, m/s. 14–15.
^ Gyekye, Kwame. "Theology and Law in Islam." (1976): 304-306.
^ Fah̲rī, Mağīd. Ethical theories in Islam. Vol. 8. Brill, 1991.
^ Hashas, Mohammed. "Is European Islam Experiencing an Ontological Revolution for an Epistemological Awakening?." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31: 4 (2014): 14.
^ ^[4]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]
^ Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.
^ Halverson 2010, m/s. 9.
^ Hughes 2013, m/s. 193–194.
^ Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.
^ Hamad al-Sanan, Fawziy al-'Anjariy, Ahl al-Sunnah al-Asha'irah, pp.248-258. Dar al-Diya'.
^ "The Myth of Intellectual Decline: A Response to Shaykh Hamza Yusuf". 27 November 2017. Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy: Setelah menjelaskan dengan tepat apa maksud falsafah dalam tradisi Islam, iaitu pelbagai aliran falsafah peripatetik yang diwakili sama ada oleh Ibnu Rusyd atau Ibnu Sina, maka jelaslah mengapa Ibnu Khaldun menentang mereka. Kritikan beliau terhadap falsafah adalah kritikan Asy’ariyah, begitu selari dengan ahli-ahli Asy’ari sebelum beliau, termasuk Ghazali dan Fakhr al-din al-Razi, yang kedua-duanya disarankan oleh Ibnu Khaldun kepada mereka yang ingin belajar bagaimana untuk menyangkal ahli falsafah.
^ Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2008-02-03

[1] Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira 2003 ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6 page 63

[2] Pall, Zoltan (31 January 2013). Lebanese Salafis Between the Gulf and Europe. Amsterdam University Press. m/s. 18. ISBN 9789089644510. Dicapai pada 12 July 2016.

[3] Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari fima Nussiba ila al-Imam al-Ash`ari (Ibn 'Asakir)

[Nasr_2006-4] Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. LCCN 2005023943.

[Islamica_2015-5] Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". Dalam Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (penyunting). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Diterjemahkan oleh Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.

[Thiele_2016-6] Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". Dalam Schmidtke, Sabine (penyunting). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3. LCCN 2016935488.

[7] [4]^[5]^[6]

[Frank_2020-8] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Frank 2020

[FOOTNOTEHalverson201014–15-9] Halverson 2010, m/s. 14–15.

[10] Gyekye, Kwame. "Theology and Law in Islam." (1976): 304-306.

[11] Fah̲rī, Mağīd. Ethical theories in Islam. Vol. 8. Brill, 1991.

[12] Hashas, Mohammed. "Is European Islam Experiencing an Ontological Revolution for an Epistemological Awakening?." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31: 4 (2014): 14.

[13] [4]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

[Henderson_19982-14] Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.

[FOOTNOTEHalverson20109-15] Halverson 2010, m/s. 9.

[FOOTNOTEHughes2013193–194-16] Hughes 2013, m/s. 193–194.

[Henderson_1998-17] Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. m/s. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.

[18] Hamad al-Sanan, Fawziy al-'Anjariy, Ahl al-Sunnah al-Asha'irah, pp.248-258. Dar al-Diya'.

[19] "The Myth of Intellectual Decline: A Response to Shaykh Hamza Yusuf". 27 November 2017. Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy: Setelah menjelaskan dengan tepat apa maksud falsafah dalam tradisi Islam, iaitu pelbagai aliran falsafah peripatetik yang diwakili sama ada oleh Ibnu Rusyd atau Ibnu Sina, maka jelaslah mengapa Ibnu Khaldun menentang mereka. Kritikan beliau terhadap falsafah adalah kritikan Asy’ariyah, begitu selari dengan ahli-ahli Asy’ari sebelum beliau, termasuk Ghazali dan Fakhr al-din al-Razi, yang kedua-duanya disarankan oleh Ibnu Khaldun kepada mereka yang ingin belajar bagaimana untuk menyangkal ahli falsafah.

[20] Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved 2008-02-03

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Asya'irah

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