Operasi Yakhin

Operasi Yakhin ialah operasi untuk memindahkan orang Yahudi Maghribi secara rahsia ke Israel, yang dijalankan oleh Mossad Israel ketika antara November 1961 dan musim bunga 1964. Kira-kira 97,000 orang berhijrah ke Israel dengan kapal terbang dan kapal laut dari Darul Baydak dan Tanjah melalui Perancis dan Itali.

Kenaikan takhta oleh Hassan II pada 26 Februari 1961 membolehkan rundingan dimulakan untuk perjanjian rahsia antara bahagian "Misgeret" Mossad dan pihak berkuasa Maghribi (terutamanya Putera Moulay Ali dan menteri buruh Abdelkader Benjelloun), bersama-sama dengan organisasi Amerika HIAS. Pengaturan ekonomi telah dipersetujui antara Israel dan Maghribi, dengan persetujuan Perdana Menteri Israel David Ben-Gurion dan Raja Hassan II dari Maghribi, di mana $500,000 akan dibayar sebagai bayaran pendahuluan, ditambah $100 bagi setiap penghijrah untuk 50,000 orang Yahudi Maghribi yang pertama, dan kemudian, $250 setiap penghijrah kemudiannya.^[1]^[2]^[3] Operasi itu juga mendapat bantuan penting daripada Sepanyol Franco.^[4] Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah orang Yahudi menetap di Perancis, Kanada, dan Amerika Syarikat dan bukannya di Israel. Maghribi menerima "gantirugi" atas kehilangan orang Yahudi.^[5]

Operasi itu diketuai oleh Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society yang berpangkalan di New York, yang membiayai kira-kira $50 juta untuk kos-kos operasi tersebut.^[6]

^ Frederic ABECASSIS Diarkibkan Februari 3, 2016, di Wayback Machine, QUESTIONS ABOUT JEWISH MIGRATIONS FROM MOROCCO "OPERATION MURAL" (SUMMER 1961): RETURN FROM DIASPORA OR FORMATION OF A NEW DIASPORA? "Since 1960, indirect talks had been initiated between the Israeli authorities and the heir to the throne, and even with the leftist leader, Mehdi Ben Barka (Bin-Nun, 2008). According to Yigal Bin Nun (2009), the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs was progressively convinced to consider financial compensation to the departure of the Jews, as it had been done in Iraq and Romania. In early May 1961, Isser Harel, the Director of the Mossad, decided to entrust to Alex Gatmon, chief of the Misgeret in Morocco, the mission to contact Jewish intermediaries to start negotiations with the Moroccan authorities. By the end of July, with the collaboration of Sam Benazeraf and Dr Isaac Cohen Olivar, he was negotiating with Abdelkader Benjelloun (Minister of Labour) and Moulay Ali Alaoui (the King's cousin and brother-in-law) and came to a compromise agreement. An economic clause was planned: half a million dollars would be paid as a down payment for the emigration of 50,000 Moroccan Jews to Europe, and then, 100$ per capita (250$ after the 50,000th). A humanitarian association, The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) would be the façade for the Israeli emissaries. The Moroccan authorities demanded that the Jews leave Morocco as entire families and not as single and selected migrants, as was the case since 1953. Furthermore, Alex Gatmon refused to dissolve his network "Misgeret" in Morocco, and clandestine emigration kept on until the end of the negotiations. Raphaël Spanien, the HIAS representative in Morocco, negotiated with colonel Oufkir collective passports issue by the Ministry of Interior. By the end of November 1961, Operation Yakhin had begun. From then till 1964, 97,005 Jews left Morocco with the tacit agreement of the Moroccan authorities."
^ In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands, Martin Gilbert, p279
^ Semi, Emanuela Trevisan (2018-10-24), "Double Trauma and Manifold Narratives: Jews' and Muslims' Representations of the Departure of Moroccan Jews in the 1950s and 1960s", Sites of Jewish Memory, Routledge: 45–63, doi:10.4324/9781315796796-3, ISBN 9781315796796, dicapai pada 2021-08-24
^ "In the shadow of the Holocaust and the Inquisition: Israel's relations with Francoist Spain", by Raanan Rein, p.197.
^ "The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times", by Reeva S. Simon, Michael M. Laskier, Sara Reguer, p.502.
^ Szulc 1991.

[1] Frederic ABECASSIS Diarkibkan Februari 3, 2016, di Wayback Machine, QUESTIONS ABOUT JEWISH MIGRATIONS FROM MOROCCO "OPERATION MURAL" (SUMMER 1961): RETURN FROM DIASPORA OR FORMATION OF A NEW DIASPORA? "Since 1960, indirect talks had been initiated between the Israeli authorities and the heir to the throne, and even with the leftist leader, Mehdi Ben Barka (Bin-Nun, 2008). According to Yigal Bin Nun (2009), the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs was progressively convinced to consider financial compensation to the departure of the Jews, as it had been done in Iraq and Romania. In early May 1961, Isser Harel, the Director of the Mossad, decided to entrust to Alex Gatmon, chief of the Misgeret in Morocco, the mission to contact Jewish intermediaries to start negotiations with the Moroccan authorities. By the end of July, with the collaboration of Sam Benazeraf and Dr Isaac Cohen Olivar, he was negotiating with Abdelkader Benjelloun (Minister of Labour) and Moulay Ali Alaoui (the King's cousin and brother-in-law) and came to a compromise agreement. An economic clause was planned: half a million dollars would be paid as a down payment for the emigration of 50,000 Moroccan Jews to Europe, and then, 100$ per capita (250$ after the 50,000th). A humanitarian association, The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) would be the façade for the Israeli emissaries. The Moroccan authorities demanded that the Jews leave Morocco as entire families and not as single and selected migrants, as was the case since 1953. Furthermore, Alex Gatmon refused to dissolve his network "Misgeret" in Morocco, and clandestine emigration kept on until the end of the negotiations. Raphaël Spanien, the HIAS representative in Morocco, negotiated with colonel Oufkir collective passports issue by the Ministry of Interior. By the end of November 1961, Operation Yakhin had begun. From then till 1964, 97,005 Jews left Morocco with the tacit agreement of the Moroccan authorities."

[2] In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands, Martin Gilbert, p279

[3] Semi, Emanuela Trevisan (2018-10-24), "Double Trauma and Manifold Narratives: Jews' and Muslims' Representations of the Departure of Moroccan Jews in the 1950s and 1960s", Sites of Jewish Memory, Routledge: 45–63, doi:10.4324/9781315796796-3, ISBN 9781315796796, dicapai pada 2021-08-24

[4] "In the shadow of the Holocaust and the Inquisition: Israel's relations with Francoist Spain", by Raanan Rein, p.197.

[5] "The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times", by Reeva S. Simon, Michael M. Laskier, Sara Reguer, p.502.

[FOOTNOTESzulc1991-6] Szulc 1991.

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Operasi Yakhin

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