Pertempuran Chancellorsville

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Pertempuran Chancellorsville
Sebahagian daripada peristiwa Perang Saudara Amerika
Tarikh 30 April 1863 – 6 Mei 1863 Lokasi Spotsylvania County, Virginia 38°18′38″N 77°38′54″W / 38.3105°N 77.6484°W / 38.3105; -77.6484Koordinat: 38°18′38″N 77°38′54″W / 38.3105°N 77.6484°W / 38.3105; -77.6484 Keputusan Konfederasi menang[1]
Pihak yang terlibat
(Konfederasi	(Kesatuan)
Komandan dan pemimpin
Joseph Hooker	Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Templat:DOW
Unit terlibat
Tentera dari Potomac[2][3]	Tentera dari Utara Virginia[4][5]
Kekuatan
Pertempuran Chancellorsville: 133,868:[6][7] Chancellorsville: c. 106,000;[6] 2nd Fredericksburg/Gereja Salem: c. 28,000;[6]	60,298[8][7]
Kerugian dan korban
Pertempuran Chancellorsville: 17,287 (1,606 terbunuh  9,762 tercedera  5,919 hilang):[9][10] Chancellorsville: 12,145 (1,082 terbunuh  6,849 tercedera  4,214 hilang);[9] 2nd Fredericksburg/Gereja Salem: 4,700 (493 terbunuh  2,710 tercedera  1,497 hilang);[9] Minor skirmishes: 442 (31 terbunuh  203 tercedera  208 hilang);[9]	13,303 (1,665 terbunuh  9,081 tercedera  2,018 hilang)[11][10]

{{:en:Campaignbox Chancellorsville Campaign|Campaignbox Chancellorsville Campaign}}

The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War, and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign.^[12] It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near the village of Chancellorsville. Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg. The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size, General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy casualties and the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson by friendly fire, a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm.

The Chancellorsville Campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27, 1863. Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long distance raid against Lee's supply lines at about the same time. This operation was completely ineffectual. Crossing the Rapidan River via Germanna and Ely's Fords, the Federal infantry concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30. Combined with the Union force facing Fredericksburg, Hooker planned a double envelopment, attacking Lee from both his front and rear.

On May 1, Hooker advanced from Chancellorsville toward Lee, but the Confederate general split his army in the face of superior numbers, leaving a small force at Fredericksburg to deter Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick from advancing, while he attacked Hooker's advance with about four-fifths of his army. Despite the objections of his subordinates, Hooker withdrew his men to the defensive lines around Chancellorsville, ceding the initiative to Lee. On May 2, Lee divided his army again, sending Stonewall Jackson's entire corps on a flanking march that routed the Union XI Corps. While performing a personal reconnaissance in advance of his line, Jackson was wounded by fire from his own men, and Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart temporarily replaced him as corps commander.

The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville, resulting in heavy losses on both sides. That same day, Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church and by May 4 had driven back Sedgwick's men to Banks' Ford, surrounding them on three sides. Sedgwick withdrew across the ford early on May 5, and Hooker withdrew the remainder of his army across U.S. Ford the night of May 5–6. The campaign ended on May 7 when Stoneman's cavalry reached Union lines east of Richmond.