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Ammonia

Ammonia
Stereo structural formula o ammonia
Baw-an-stick model o the ammonia molecule
Baw-an-stick model o the ammonia molecule
Space-fillin model o the ammonia molecule
Space-fillin model o the ammonia molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Azane
Ither names
Hydrogen nitride

Trihydrogen nitride

Nitro-Sil
Identifiers
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3D model (JSmol)
3DMet B00004
3587154
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
EC Nummer 231-635-3
Gmelin Reference 79
KEGG
MeSH Ammonia
RTECS nummer BO0875000
UNII
UN nummer 1005
Properties
NH3
Molar mass 17.031 g/mol
Appearance Colourless gas
Odour strong pungent odor
Density 0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)
0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)
681.9 kg/m3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)[1]
817 kg/m3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)[2]
Meltin pynt −77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K)
Bylin pynt −33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K)
47% (0 °C)
31% (25 °C)
28% (50 °C)[3]
Solubility soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol, methanol
Vapour pressur 8573 h Pa
Acidity (pKa) 32.5 (−33 °C),[4] 10.5 (DMSO)
Basicity (pKb) 4.75
Refractive index (nD) 1.3327
Viscosity 0.276 cP (-40 °C)
Structur
Molecular shape Trigonal pyramid
1.42 D
Thermochemistry
Staundart molar
entropy So298 		193 J·mol−1·K−1[5]
Std enthalpy o
formation ΔfHo298 		−46 kJ·mol−1[5]
Hazards
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GHS pictograms [6]
GHS hazard statements H221, H280, H314, H331, H400[6]
GHS precautionary statements P210, P261, P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310[6]
NFPA 704
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondFlammability code 1: Must be pre-heatit afore igneetion can occur. Flash pynt ower 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola ileHealth code 3: Short exposur could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gasReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even unner fire exposur condeetions, an is nae reactive wi watter. E.g., liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
3
0
Flash pynt flammable gas (see text)
Explosive leemits 15–28%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
0.015 mL/kg (human, oral)
US heal exposur leemits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
 50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL)
Relatit compoonds
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Ither cations
 Phosphine
Arsine
Stibine
Except whaur itherwise notit, data are gien for materials in thair staundart state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Ammonia or azane is a compoond o nitrogen an hydrogen wi the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas wi a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contreibutes signeeficantly tae the nutreetional needs o terrestrial organisms bi serving as a precursor tae fuid an fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is an aa a biggin-block for the synthesis o mony pharmaceuticals an is uised in mony commercial cleanin products. Altho in wide uise, ammonia is baith caustic an hazardous. The global industrial production o ammonia for 2012 wis anticipatit tae be 198 million tonnes,[7] a 35% increase ower the estimatit 2006 global output o 146.5 million tonnes.[8]

NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressur o 1 atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored unner heich pressur or at law temperatur. Hoosehauld ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution o NH3 in watter. The concentration o such solutions is measured in units o the Baumé scale (density), wi 26 degrees baumé (aboot 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 °C) bein the teepical heich-concentration commercial product.[9]

  1. ↑ Yost, Don M. (2007). "Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia Solutions". Systematic Inorganic Chemistry. READ BOOKS. p. 132. ISBN 1-4067-7302-6.
  2. ↑ Blum, Alexander (1975). "On crystalline character of transparent solid ammonia". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 24 (4): 277. doi:10.1080/00337577508240819.
  3. ↑ Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995). Handbook of inorganic compounds. CRC Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-8493-8671-3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors leet (link)
  4. ↑ Perrin, D. D., Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution; 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1982.
  5. ↑ a b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.
  6. ↑ a b c Sigma-Aldrich Co. Retrieved on 2013-07-20.
  7. ↑ Ceresana. "Market Study Ammonia". Ceresana. Archived frae the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  8. ↑ Max Appl (2006). Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2.
  9. ↑ "Ammonium hydroxide physical properties" (PDF). Archived frae the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2013.Archived 2007-11-27 at the Wayback Machine
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