Italic leids

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The Italic leids form a brainch o the Indo-European leid faimlie. The earliest kent members war uised on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC. The maist important o the auncient leids wis Laitin, the offeecial leid o auncient Rome, thit conquered the ither Italic peoples afore the common era. The ither Italic leids war extinct in the first yearhunners AD as thair spikkers war assimilatit intae the Roman Empire an shiftit tae some form o Laitin. Atweesh the third an eight yearhunners AD, Vulgar Laitin (mibbie influenced bi langage shift frae the ither Italic leids) spleet intae the Romance leids, thit are the anely Italic leids uised native the day.

Apairt fae Laitin, the kent auncient Italic leids are Faliscan (the closest tae Laitin), Umbrian an Oscan (or Osco-Umbrian), an South Picene. Ither Indo-European leids wanst uised in the peninsula, thit's eikin tae the Italic brainch is disputit are Venetic an Sicel. Thir lang-deid leids are kent anely frae inscriptins in archaeological findins.

In the first millennium BC, twa thee (ither) leids no Italic war uised in the peninsula, includin memmers o ither brainches o Indo-European (sic as Celtic an Greek) as weel as at least ane no Indo-European, Etruscan.

It is lairgely believed thit thae 1st millennium Italic leids descend frae Indo-European leids broucht bi migrants tae the peninsula sometime in the 2nt millennium BC.^[2][3][4] Hounaiver, the soorce o thae migrations an the history o the leids in the peninsula are still debatit amang historians. In parteecular, it is debatit whether or no the auncient Italic leids aw descendit frae the ane Proto-Italic leid efter its arrival in the region, or whether or no the migrants broucht twa or mair Indo-European leids thit war anely distantly relatit.

Wi ower 800 million native uisrs, the Romance leids mak Italic the seicont maist uised brainch o the Indo-European faimlie, efter Indo-Iranian. Hounaiver, in academia the auncient Italic leids hiv a separate field o study frae the medieval an modren Romance leids.

Aw Italic leids (includin Romance) are generally scrieved in Auld Italic scripts (or the descend Laitin alphabet an its adaptations), thit descendit frae the alphabet uised tae scrieve the non-Italic Etruscan leid, an, at the hinder end, frae the Greek alphabet.

1. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Italic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. ↑ Mallory & Adams 1997.
3. ↑ Bossong 2017.
4. ↑ Fortson 2004.