Battle of Chawinda

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Battle of Chawinda
Part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
A captured Indian Centurion tank at Chawinda, September 1965
Date 14 September 1965, 18 – 19 September 1965[1][2][3][4][5] Location Chawinda, Punjab, Pakistan Result Pakistani victory.[6][7][8][9]
Belligerents
Pakistan	India
Commanders and leaders
Maj. Gen. Abrar Hussain[note 1] Lt. Col. Nisar Ahmed Khan Brig. Sardar M.Ismail Khan Brig. S. M. Hussain Brig. Abdul Ali Malik Brig. Muzzafaruddin Later: Maj Gen Tikka Khan Lt. Gen. Bakhtiyar M.Rana Maj Gen Sahibzada Yaqub Ali Khan Brg. Amjad Chaudhry	Lt. Gen. Pat Dunn Lt. Col. Ardeshir Tarapore †
Strength
30,000-50,000 infantry 22nd cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) 10th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) 25th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) 33rd TDU sqn (15x Shermans) 19th Lancers (44x M48 Pattons) 11th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) Total: 132 tanks 150+ (tank reinforcements)[10]	80,000–150,000 infantry 4th Horse (45x Centurions) 16th Cavalry (45x Centurions) 17th Poona (45x Centurions) 2nd Lancers (45x Shermans) 62nd Cavalry (45x Shermans) Total: 225 tanks[10]
Casualties and losses
44 tanks (Pakistani claim)[11] 460km2(Neutral claim)[12] to 518 km2 (218 mi2)(Indian claim) of territory lost[13][14][15]	29 tanks lost (Indian claim)[14][16] 120 tanks (Pakistani claim)[11]

The Battle of Chawinda was a part of the Sialkot Campaign in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It was one of the largest tank battles in history since the Battle of Kursk in World War II.^[17]

The initial clashes at Chawinda coincided with the tank battle near Phillora and the fighting intensified once the Pakistani forces at Phillora retreated. The battle finally ended due to the UN ceasefire^{[broken anchor]} of the 1965 war.^[18][19]

1. ↑ Jogindar Singh (1993). Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947-1971. Lancer Publishers. pp. 217–219. ISBN 1-897829-20-5. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
2. ↑ B. C. Chakravorty; D. Phil (1992). "Chapter 7: Operations in Sialkot Sector". In Prasad, S. N. (ed.). History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 (PDF). History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. pp. 212–220. Retrieved 12 January 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}
3. ↑ Abrar Hussain (2005). Men of Steel: 6 Armored Division in the 1965 War. Army Education Publishing House. pp. 36–52. ISBN 969-8125-19-1.
4. ↑ Shuja Nawaz (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–230. ISBN 978-0-19-547697-2.
5. ↑ Rao, K. V. Krishna (1991). Prepare or perish: a study of national security. Lancers Publishers, 1991. ISBN 978-81-7212-001-6.
6. ↑ Stephen P. Cohen (2020). Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization. Brookings Institution Press. p. 8. ISBN 9781282748804.
7. ↑ John Fricker (2020). Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. Ian Allan. p. 128. ISBN 9780711009295.
8. ↑ "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
9. ↑ "Battle of Chawinda – Graveyard Of Indian Tanks – The Largest Tank Battle since WWII". www.warhistoryonline.com. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} Amin, Major A.H. "Battle of Chawinda Comedy of Higher Command Errors". Military historian. Defence journal(pakistan). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Steven J. Zaloga (1999). The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85532-825-9.
12. ↑ Praagh, David Van (2003). The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 294. ISBN 9780773526396.
13. ↑ Rakshak, Bharat. "War diplomacy, ceasefire, Tashkent" (PDF). Official History. Times of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} Singh, Lt. Gen.Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 159. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.
15. ↑ Rawat, Rachna Bisht (2015). 1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War. Penguin UK. p. 85. ISBN 9789352141296.
16. ↑ Rakshak, Bharat. "Operations in Sialkot Sector pg32" (PDF). Official History. Times of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
17. ↑ Michael E. Haskew (2 November 2015). Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle. Voyageur Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-0-7603-4963-2.
18. ↑ Pradhan, R.D. 1965 war, the inside story. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007. ISBN 978-81-269-0762-5.
19. ↑ "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-06-02.