Umar

Umar عمر
Al-Faruq Amir al-Mu'minin
2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate
Reign	23 August 634 – 3 November 644
Predecessor	Abu Bakr
Successor	Uthman ibn Affan
Born	c. 586 or 589 CE Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	November 644 CE (Muharram 01 AH) (aged 60–61) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial	Prophet's Mosque, Medina
Spouse	Zaynab bint Madhun Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal Qurayba bint Abi Umayya Jamila bint Thabit Atiqa bint Zayd Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham[1][2]
Issue (among others)	Hafsa Abd Allah Ubayd Allah Asim Zayd
Tribe	Quraysh (Banu Adi)
Father	Khattab ibn Nufayl
Mother	Hantamah bint Hisham
Religion	Islam
Signature

Umar ibn al-Khattab (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

At first, Umar opposed Muhammad and was enemy of Islam. After his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba.^[3] After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634 ) as the first disputed caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.^[4] His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years. Jewish tradition says that Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and let them into Jerusalem and to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in November 644.^[a]

Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs.^[7] He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition.^[8] More than 50 hadiths speak of how he was the second greatest Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[9][10] He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition, although Shi'ite figures often married into his family and named their children after him. They view his killer as a martyr although he was not a Muslim. ^[11]

1. ↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
2. ↑ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
3. ↑ "Umar ibn Al Khattab's conversion strengthened Islam". Arab News. 7 September 2012.
4. ↑ Hourani (1991), p. 23.
5. ↑ Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2.
6. ↑ Smith, 2015 & 93–95. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith201593–95 (help)
7. ↑ Ahmed, Nazeer (2000). Islam in global history : from the death of prophet Muhammed to the first World War. Concord, CA: American Institute of Islamic History and Culture. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
8. ↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
9. ↑ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
10. ↑ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
11. ↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820. Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.