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Oksidacijska stanja (WP:ELEMENTI pogovor)
Z Ime Simbol complete main group val opomba
 
1 vodik H −1, +1 (amfoterni oksid) −1, +1 1 I
2 helij He 0 0 18 0
3 litij Li +1 (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
4 berilij Be 0,[1] +1,[2] +2 (amfoterni oksid) +2 2 II
5 bor B −5, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3[4][5] (rahlo kisel oksid) +3 13 III
6 ogljik C −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[6] +2, +3,[7] +4[8] (rahlo kisel oksid) −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 14 IV
7 dušik N −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (močno kisel oksid) −3, +3, +5 15 V
8 kisik O −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 −2 16 VI
9 fluor F −1 (oksidirajoči kisik) −1 17 VII
10 neon Ne 0 0 18 0
11 natrij Na −1, +1 (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
12 magnezij Mg +1,[9] +2 (močno bazični oksid) +2 2 II
13 aluminij Al −2, −1, +1,[10] +2,[11] +3 (amfoterni oksid) +3 13 III
14 silicij Si −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[12] +1,[13] +2, +3, +4 (amfoterni oksid) −4, +4 14 IV
15 fosfor P −3, −2, −1, 0,[14] +1,[15] +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo kisel oksid) −3, +3, +5 15 V
16 žveplo S −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (močno kisel oksid) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
17 klor Cl −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (močno kisel oksid) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
18 argon Ar 0 0 18 0
19 kalij K −1, +1 (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
20 kalcij Ca +1,[16] +2 (močno bazični oksid) +2 2 II
21 skandij Sc 0,[17] +1,[18] +2,[19] +3 (amfoterni oksid) +3 3 III
22 titan Ti −2, −1, 0,[20] +1, +2, +3, +4[21] (amfoterni oksid) +2, +3, +4 4 IV
23 vanadij V −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (amfoterni oksid) +2, +3, +4, +5 5 V
24 krom Cr −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (odvisno od oksidacijskega stanja, kisel, bazni ali amfoterni oksid) +2, +3, +6 6 VI
25 mangan Mn −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (odvisno od oksidacijskega stanja, kisel, bazni ali amfoterni oksid) +2, +4, +7 7 VII
26 železo Fe −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[22] +2, +3, +4, +5,[23] +6, +7[24] (amfoterni oksid) +2, +3, +6 8 VIII
27 kobalt Co −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[25] (amfoterni oksid) +2, +3 9 VIII
28 nikelj Ni −2, −1, 0, +1,[26] +2, +3, +4[27] (rahlo bazični oksid) +2 10 VIII
29 baker Cu −2, 0,[28] +1, +2, +3, +4 (rahlo bazični oksid) +1, +2 11 I
30 cink Zn −2, 0, +1, +2 (amfoterni oksid) +2 12 II
31 galij Ga −5, −4, −3,[29] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[30] (amfoterni oksid) +3 13 III
32 germanij Ge −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[31] +1, +2, +3, +4 (amfoterni oksid) −4, +2, +4 14 IV
33 arzen As −3, −2, −1, 0,[32] +1,[33] +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo kisel oksid) −3, +3, +5 15 V
34 selen Se −2, −1, +1,[34] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (močno kisel oksid) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
35 brom Br −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 (močno kisel oksid) −1, +1, +3, +5 17 VII
36 kripton Kr 0, +1, +2 rarely non-0, unk oxide 0 18 0
37 rubidij Rb −1, +1 (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
38 stroncij Sr +1,[35] +2 (močno bazični oksid) +2 2 II
39 itrij Y 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (šibko bazični oksid) +3 3 III
40 cirkonij Zr −2, 0, +1,[37] +2, +3, +4 (amfoterni oksid) +4 4 IV
41 niobij Nb −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo kisel oksid) +5 5 V
42 molibden Mo −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[38] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (močno kisel oksid) +4, +6 6 VI
43 tehnecij Tc −3, −1, 0, +1,[39] +2, +3,[39] +4, +5, +6, +7 (močno kisel oksid) +4, +7 7 VII
44 rutenij Ru −4, −2, 0, +1,[40] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (rahlo kisel oksid) +3, +4 8 VIII
45 rodij Rh −3[41], −1, 0, +1,[42] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (amfoterni oksid) +3 9 VIII
46 paladij Pd 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (rahlo bazični oksid) 0, +2, +4 10 VIII
47 srebro Ag −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (amfoterni oksid) +1 11 I
48 kadmij Cd −2, +1, +2 (rahlo bazični oksid) +2 12 II
49 indij In −5, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[43] (amfoterni oksid) +3 13 III
50 kositer Sn −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[44] +1,[45] +2, +3,[46] +4 (amfoterni oksid) −4, +2, +4 14 IV
51 antimon Sb −3, −2, −1, 0,[47] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (amfoterni oksid) −3, +3, +5 15 V
52 telur Te −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (rahlo kisel oksid) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
53 jod I −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (močno kisel oksid) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
54 ksenon Xe 0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8 (redko več kot 0; šibko bazični oksid) 0 18 0
55 cezij Cs −1, +1[48] (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
56 barij Ba +1, +2 (močno bazični oksid) +2 2 II
57 lantan La 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (močno bazični oksid) +3 n/a III
58 cerij Ce +1, +2, +3, +4 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3, +4 n/a -
59 prazeodim Pr 0,[36] +1,[49] +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
60 neodim Nd 0,[36] +2, +3, +4 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
61 prometij Pm +2, +3 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
62 samarij Sm 0,[36] +2, +3 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
63 evropij Eu 0,[36] +2, +3 (rahlo bazični oksid) +2, +3 n/a -
64 gadolinij Gd 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (rahlo bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
65 terbij Tb 0,[36] +1, +2, +3, +4 (šibko bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
66 disprozij Dy 0,[36] +1, +2, +3, +4 (šibko bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
67 holmij Ho 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
68 erbij Er 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
69 tulij Tm 0,[36] +2, +3 (bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
70 iterbij Yb 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (bazični oksid) +3 n/a -
71 lutecij Lu 0,[36] +1, +2, +3 (šibko bazični oksid) +3 3 -
72 hafnij Hf −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (amfoterni oksid) +4 4 IV
73 tantal Ta −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo kisel oksid) +5 5 V
74 volfram W −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (rahlo kisel oksid) +4, +6 6 VI
75 renij Re −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (rahlo kisel oksid) +4 7 VII
76 osmij Os −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (rahlo kisel oksid) +4 8 VIII
77 iridij Ir −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[50] +3, +4 9 VIII
78 platina Pt −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (rahlo bazični oksid) +2, +4 10 VIII
79 zlato Au −3, −2, −1, 0,[51] +1, +2, +3, +5 (amfoterni oksid) +1, +3 11 I
80 živo srebro Hg −2 , +1, +2 (rahlo bazični oksid) +1, +2 12 II
81 talij Tl −5,[52] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (rahlo bazični oksid) +1, +3 13 III
82 svinec Pb −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (amfoterni oksid) +2, +4 14 IV
83 bizmut Bi −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (rahlo kisel oksid) +3 15 V
84 polonij Po −2, +2, +4, +5,[53] +6 (amfoterni oksid) −2, +2, +4 16 VI
85 astat At −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[54] −1, +1 17 VII
86 radon Rn 0, +2, +6 0 18 0
87 francij Fr +1 (močno bazični oksid) +1 1 I
88 radij Ra +2 (pričakovano naj bi imel močno bazični oksid) +2 2 II
89 aktinij Ac +3 (močno bazični oksid) +3 n/a III
90 torij Th +1, +2, +3, +4 (šibko bazični oksid) +4 n/a -
91 protaktinij Pa +2, +3, +4, +5 (šibko bazični oksid) +5 n/a -
92 uran U +1, +2, +3,[55] +4, +5, +6 (amfoterni oksid) +4, +6 n/a -
93 neptunij Np +2, +3, +4,[56] +5, +6, +7 (amfoterni oksid) +5 n/a -
94 plutonij Pu +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (amfoterni oksid) +4 n/a -
95 americij Am +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (amfoterni oksid) +3 n/a -
96 kirij Cm +3, +4, +5,[57] +6[58] (amfoterni oksid) +3 n/a -
97 berkelij Bk +2, +3, +4, +5[57] +3 n/a -
98 kalifornij Cf +2, +3, +4, +5[59][57] +3 n/a -
99 ajnštajnij Es +2, +3, +4 +3 n/a -
100 fermij Fm +2, +3 +3 n/a -
101 mendelevij Md +2, +3 +3 n/a -
102 nobelij No +2, +3 +2 n/a -
103 lavrencij Lr +3 +3 3 -
104 raderfordij Rf (+2), (+3), +4[60][61][62] (v oklepajih: napoved) (+3), +4 (v oklepajih: napoved) 4 IV
105 dubnij Db (+3), (+4), +5[61][62] (v oklepajih: napoved) +5 5 V
106 siborgij Sg 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[61][62] (v oklepajih: napoved) (+4), +6 (v oklepajih: napoved) 6 VI
107 borij Bh (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[61][62] (v oklepajih: napoved) (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (v oklepajih: napoved) 7 VII
108 hasij Hs (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[63][62][64] (v oklepajih: napoved) (+3), (+4) (v oklepajih: napoved) 8 VIII
109 majtnerij Mt (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (napovedano)[61][65][66][62] (+1), (+3), (+6) (napovedano) 9 VIII
110 darmštatij Ds (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (napovedano)[61][62] (0), (+2), (+8) (napovedano) 10 VIII
111 rentgenij Rg (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (napovedano)[61][62][67] (+3) (napovedano) 11 I
112 kopernicij Cn 0, (+1), +2, (+4) (v oklepajih: napoved)[61][68][62] 0, +2 12 II
113 nihonij Nh (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (napovedano)[61][62][69] (+1), (+3) (napovedano) 13 III
114 flerovij Fl (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (napovedano)[61][62][70] (+2) (napovedano) 14 IV
115 moskovij Mc (+1), (+3) (napovedano)[61][62] (+1), (+3) (napovedano) 15 V
116 livermorij Lv (−2),[71] (+2), (+4) (napovedano)[61] (+2) (napovedano) 16 VI
117 tenes Ts (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (napovedano)[62][61] (+1), (+3) (napovedano) 17 VII
118 oganeson Og (−1),[61] (0), (+1),[72] (+2),[73] (+4),[73] (+6)[61] (napovedano) (+2), (+4) (napovedano) 18 0
119 ununenij Uue (+1), (+3) (napovedano)[61] (+1) (napovedano) 1 I
120 unbinilij Ubn (+1),[74] (+2), (+4) (napovedano)[61] (+2) (napovedano) 2 II
121 unbiunij Ubu (+1), (+3) (napovedano)[61][75] (+3) (napovedano) n/a III
122 unbibij Ubb (+4) (napovedano)[76] (+4) (napovedano) n/a -
123 unbitrij Ubt (+5) (napovedano)[76] (+5) (napovedano) n/a
124 unbikvadij Ubq (+6) (napovedano)[76] (+6) (napovedano) n/a
125 unbipentij Ubp (+1), (+6), (+7) (napovedano)[76] (+6), (+7) (napovedano) n/a
126 unbiheksij Ubh (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (napovedano)[76] (+4), (+6), (+8) (napovedano) n/a
  1. ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see »Beryllium(0) Complex Found«. Chemistry Europe. 13. junij 2016.
  2. ↑ »Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data« (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Pridobljeno 10. decembra 2007.
  3. ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). »Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond«. Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
  4. ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). »Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF« (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
  5. ↑ Melanie Schroeder. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (v nemščini). str. 139.
  6. ↑ »Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical« (PDF). Pridobljeno 6. decembra 2007.
  7. ↑ »Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP« (PDF). Pridobljeno 6. decembra 2007.
  8. ↑ »Carbon: Binary compounds«. Pridobljeno 6. decembra 2007.
  9. ↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H.; Brault, J. W. (1985). »The spectrum of magnesium hydride« (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.
  10. ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). »Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions«. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
  11. ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). »Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide«. Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
  12. ↑ »New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound«. Chemistry Europe. 27. avgust 2016.
  13. ↑ Ram, R. S.; in sod. (1998). »Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD« (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
  14. ↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). »Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus«. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
  15. ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). »Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds«. Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
  16. ↑ Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). »Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes«. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
  17. ↑ F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan; Robin N. Perutz (1991). »η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)«. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372.
  18. ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). »Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals«. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
  19. ↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). »Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride«. Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
  20. ↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). »Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6: [Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−«. Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
  21. ↑ Andersson, N.; in sod. (2003). »Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm« (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
  22. ↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). »Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl«. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
  23. ↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). »Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)«. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
  24. ↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). »Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−«. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
  25. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2. izd.). Butterworth-Heinemann. str. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  26. ↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). »A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps«. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
  27. ↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). »A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)«. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
  28. ↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). »A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond«. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
  29. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). »Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen« (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (v nemščini). 66b: 1107–1121.
  30. ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (diplomska naloga) (v nemščini). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. str. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
  31. ↑ »New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound«. Chemistry Europe. 27. avgust 2016.
  32. ↑ Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). »Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy«. Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
  33. ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). »Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters«. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
  34. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2. izd.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  35. ↑ Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). »High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride« (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
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  52. ↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). »Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions«. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
  53. ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). »Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements«. Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
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  55. ↑ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., ur. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd izd.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.
  56. ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). »Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding«. Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.
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