Kokain

Kokain
Ngaran sistimatik (IUPAC)
métil (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (bénzoiloksi)-8-métil-8-azabisiklo[3.2.1] oktana-2-karboksilat
Identifiers
Nomer CAS	50-36-2
Sandi ATC	N01BC01 R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
PubChem	5760
DrugBank	APRD00080
ChemSpider	5557
Data kimia
Rumus	C17H21NO4
Mass. mol.	303.353 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Synonyms	métilbénzoilékgonin, bénzoilmétilékgonin
Data fisika
Titik lééh	195 °C (383 °F)
Kelarutan dina Cai	1800 mg/mL (20 °C)
Data farmakokinetik
Bioavailabilitas	Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1]
Metabolisme	CYP3A4 hépatik
Waktu paruh	1 jam
Eksresi	Rénal (bénzoilékgonin jeung ékgonin métil éster)
Therapeutic considerations
Kat. kehamilan	?
Legal status
Dependence Liability	Luhur
Jalur	Topikal, Oral, Insuflasi, IV, PO

Kokain (bénzoilmétilékgonin) nyaéta alkaloid tropana kristalin nu diala tina daun dua spésiés koka pituin Amérika Kidul: Erythroxylum coca jeung Erythroxylum novogranatense.^[5][6][7] Ngaran 'kokain' dicokot tina ngaran tangkalna ditambah ahiran alkaloid -in (-ina, numutkeun aturan baku), jadi kokain. Ieu alkaloid téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, hususna salaku inhibitor reuptake dopamin, norépinéfrin, jeung serotonin. ku sabab mangaruhan jalur reward mésolimbik, kokain jadi matak nyandu^[8].

kokain tré tré bon pouir toi

1. ↑ ^{a b} Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. PMID 10954344. 
2. ↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2-3): 353–66. PMID 7242115. 
3. ↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2565204. 
4. ↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. PMID 7357795. 
5. ↑ "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860–1910". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84 (4): 329–353. June 1982. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x. 
6. ↑ "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry 19 (33): 5647–57. 2012. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655. 
7. ↑ Johnson, E. L. (22 Sep 2008). "Alkaloid Content in Two Erythroxylum Taxa During Juvenile Growth and Development". J. Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. doi:10.1300/J044v10n02_06. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J044v10n02_06. 
8. ↑ Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (April 2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (5): 1091–101. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.43. PMID 18418365.