Ashkenazer
יהודי אשכנז (Y'hudey Ashkenaz)
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Judar i Centraleuropa på en tysk karta från 1881.
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Antal sammanlagt
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(10[1]–11,2[2] miljoner)
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Regioner med betydande antal
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Språk
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Jiddisch[7] Nutida: Lokala språk, främst hebreiska, engelska och ryska
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Religion
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Judendom, messiansk judendom, vissa är sekulära eller icke-religiösa
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Besläktade folkgrupper
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Sefarder, mizraher, samarier,[8][9][10][10] andra levantiska folkgrupper (druser, assyrier,[8][9] araber[8][9][11][12]), medelhavsgrupper[13][14][15][16][17]
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Ashkenazer, även ashkenaziska judar eller ashkenazim, (hebreiska: אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים, Ashkenazi [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; även יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנַז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, ”Tysklands judar”, jiddisch: אַשכּנזישע ייִדן) är den grupp av judar som på medeltiden kom att bosätta sig i Tyskland och norra Frankrike, samt därefter i Polen och andra östeuropeiska områden såsom det judiska bosättningsområdet i Kejsardömet Ryssland.
- ^ [a b] ”Ashkenazi Jews”. Ashkenazi Jews. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Arkiverad från originalet den 20 oktober 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131020004618/http://hugr.huji.ac.il/AshkenaziJews.aspx. Läst 29 oktober 2013. Arkiverad 20 oktober 2013 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ”First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews”. The Gazette (Johns Hopkins University). 8 september 1997. http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/julsep97/sep0897/briefs.html. Läst 24 juli 2013.
- ^ Feldman, Gabriel E. (May 2001). ”Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden? Implications for cancer control prioritization efforts”. Israel Medical Association Journal 3 (5): sid. 341–46. http://www.ima.org.il/IMAJ/ViewArticle.aspx?aId=2748. Läst 4 september 2013.
- ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. ”Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age” (PDF). Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age. http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009. Läst 22 mars 2010.
- ^ https://archive.jewishagency.org/jewish-community/content/24346/
- ^ https://njjewishnews.timesofisrael.com/renewing-jewish-life-in-belarus/
- ^ ”Yiddish”. Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yid/. Läst 3 september 2017.
- ^ [a b c] ”Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation” (PDF). Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130508024921/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf. Läst 15 augusti 2013. Arkiverad 12 maj 2020 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
- ^ [a b c] ”Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese”. Science Daily. 9 maj 2000. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm. Läst 19 juli 2013.
- ^ [a b] Traubman, Tamara (21 november 2001). ”Study Finds Close Genetic Connection Between Jews, Kurds” (på engelska). Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-finds-close-genetic-connection-between-jews-kurds-1.75273. Läst 3 september 2017.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 juni 2010). ”Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html. Läst 15 augusti 2013.
- ^ ”High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews” (PDF). High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf. Läst 15 augusti 2013.
- ^ Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Villoslada P (2006). ”European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations”. PLoS Genet. 2 (9): sid. 143. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. PMID 17044734. PMC: 1564423. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 juli 2012. https://archive.is/20120709050812/http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0020143. Läst 17 oktober 2018.
- ^ ”The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula”. American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (6): sid. 725–736. December 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMID 19061982.
- ^ M. D. Costa and 16 others (2013). ”A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages”. Nature Communications 4. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMID 24104924. PMC: 3806353. Bibcode: 2013NatCo...4E2543C. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html.
- ^ ”Jewish Women's Genes Traced Mostly to Europe – Not Israel – Study Hits Claim Ashkenazi Jews Migrated From Holy Land”. The Jewish Daily Forward. 12 oktober 2013. http://forward.com/articles/185399/jewish-womens-genes-traced-mostly-to-europe-not/#.
- ^ Shai Carmi; Ken Y. Hui; Ethan Kochav; Xinmin Liu; James Xue; Fillan Grady; Saurav Guha; Kinnari Upadhyay; et al. (September 2014). ”Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins”. Nature Communications 5: sid. 4835. doi:10.1038/ncomms5835. PMID 25203624. PMC: 4164776. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5E4835C. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140909/ncomms5835/full/ncomms5835.html. Läst 16 september 2014.