Umaskini

Umaskini (kutoka neno la Kiarabu) ni hali ya ukosefu wa mahitaji ya msingi ya binadamu kama vile chakula, maji salama, huduma za afya, mavazi na nyumba kutokana na kukosa uwezo wa kuvinunua.^[1] Hii pia inajulikana kama umaskini uliokithiri au ufukara.^[2]

Umaskini wa kadiri ni kuwa na rasilimali chache zaidi au mapato madogo zaidi kulingana na watu wengine katika jamii au nchi au hali ya wastani duniani. Hali hii pia hujulikana kama umaskini halisi au unyonge. Umaskini linganishi ni hali ya kuwa na rasilimali chache au kipato cha chini kuliko wengine kwenye jamii au nchi, au ikilinganishwa na wastani duniani kote.

Umaskini unajumlisha pia matokeo yake upande wa siasa na jamii.^[3]

Kupunguza ufukara ni kati ya malengo makuu ya taasisi nyingi za kimataifa, kama vile Umoja wa Mataifa na Benki ya Dunia. Benki hiyo imekadiria kuwa watu milioni 702.1 walikuwa wakiishi kifukara mno mwaka 2015, wakati walikuwa bilioni 1.75 mwaka 1990 (kutoka 37.1% hadi 9.6%).^[4][5][6]

Kati yao, milioni 347.1 hivi walikuwa Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara (35.2% za wakazi) na 231.3 Asia Kusini (13.5%), lakini ufukara ni changamoto kwa nchi zote duniani.^[7][8]

UNICEF imekadiria kwamba nusu ya watoto wote duniani wanaishi kifukara (bilioni 1.1).^[9]

Wataalamu mbalimbali wamesema sera za uliberali mpya zinazofuatwa na taasisi za kiuchumi za kimataifa (kama vile IMF na Benki ya Dunia) zinazidisha tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya binadamu.^[10]

1. ↑ "Poverty | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-11-04.
2. ↑ Poverty. merriam-webster. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Novemba 2013.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
3. ↑ Sabates, Ricardo (2008). "The Impact of Lifelong Learning on Poverty Reduction" (PDF). IFLL Public Value Paper 1. Latimer Trend,Plymouth,UK: 5–6. ISBN 978 1 86201 3797. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-05-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-01-31. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
4. ↑ "Global Monitoring Report; Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change" (PDF). www.worldbank.org/gmr. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Nov 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
5. ↑ "World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030". Worldbank.org. 2015-10-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-01-06.
6. ↑ Jason Hickel (30 March 2015). It will take 100 years for the world’s poorest people to earn $1.25 a day. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
7. ↑ "World Bank Sees Progress Against Extreme Poverty, But Flags Vulnerabilities". The World bank. 29 Februari 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
8. ↑ "Poverty and Equity - India, 2010 World Bank Country Profile". Povertydata.worldbank.org. 30 Machi 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Julai 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
9. ↑ Ernest C. Madu. "Investment and Development Will Secure the Rights of the Child". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-04-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-01-31.
10. ↑ Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States, (London: Routledge, 2015), ISBN 0415673445, p. 1 & 2.