Yovuzlik muammosi

Yovuzlik muammosi - yovuzlik va azob-uqubatlarning mavjudligini qudratli, hamma narsani biluvchi va hamma narsaga qodir Hudo bilan qanday uyg'unlashtirish kerakligi haqidagi falsafiy savol.^[1][2][3] Hozirda bu tushunchalarni turli ta'riflari bor. Muammoning eng taniqli taqdimoti yunon faylasufi Epikurga tegishli. Bu Devid Yum tomonidan ommalashgan.

Din falsafasidan tashqari, yovuzlik muammosi ilohiyot va axloq sohalari uchun ham muhimdir. Shuningdek, dunyoviy etika^[4][5][6] va evolyutsion etika^[7][8] kabi boshqa falsafiy sohalarda yovuzlik va ular bilan bog'liq muammolar haqida ko'plab munozaralar mavjud. Lekin baribir, odatda, yovuzlik muammosi diniy nuqtai nazardan tushiniladi.

Yovuzlik muammosiga javoblar an'anaviy ravishda uch xil bo'lgan: rad etish, himoya va teodika (Hudoni oqlash).

Yovuzlik muammosi odatda ikki xil shakllantiriladi: yovuzlikning mantiqiy muammosi va yovuzlikning daliliy muammosi. Argumentning mantiqiy shakli Xudo va yovuzlikning birgalikda yashashida^[9][10] mantiqiy imkonsizlikni ko'rsatishga harakat qiladi, daliliy shakl esa dunyoda shuncha yovuzlik bor ekan u xolda qudratli, hamma narsaga qodir va mutlaq yaxshi Hudo borligini so'roq ostiga oladi.^[11] Daliliy muammo haqida, ko'plab teodika taklif etilgan. Qabul qilingan teodikadan biri kompensatsiya teodisiyasidir. Ushbu nuqtai nazarga ko'ra, yovuzliklarning asosiy foydasi, ularning keyingi hayotdagi kompensatsiyasidan tashqari, yovuzlikning daliliy muammosini rad etishi mumkin.^[12] Yovuzlik muammosi inson bo'lmagan jonzod turlarining tabiiy yovuzliklardan, tabiat hodisalaridan azoblanishi va ularga nisbatan insonlarning shafqatsizligi singari inonga nisbatan bo'lmagan hayot shakllarigacha tarqaladi.^[13]

Olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, ko'pchilik faylasuflar yovuzlikning mantiqiy muammosini turli xil himoya vositalari bilan to'liq rad etilgan deb bilishadi.^[14][15][16]

1. ↑ „Part 1: Is God the Creator and Source of All Being – Including Evil?“, Thinking about God: Jewish Views, JPS Essential Judaism Series. Lincoln and Philadelphia: University of Nebraska Press/Jewish Publication Society, 2020 — 3–64-bet. DOI:10.2307/j.ctv13796z1.5. ISBN 978-0-8276-1848-0. 
2. ↑ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
3. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
4. ↑ Nicholas J. Rengger, Moral Evil and International Relations, in SAIS Review 25:1, Winter/Spring 2005, pp. 3–16
5. ↑ Peter Kivy, Melville's Billy and the Secular Problem of Evil: the Worm in the Bud, in The Monist (1980), 63
6. ↑ Kekes, John. Facing Evil. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990. ISBN 978-0-691-07370-5. 
7. ↑ Timothy Anders, The Evolution of Evil (2000)
8. ↑ Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B.. Encyclopedia of Ethics. Routledge, 2013 — 147–149-bet. ISBN 978-1-135-35096-3. 
9. ↑ The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Problem of Evil", Michael Tooley
10. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Logical Problem of Evil", James R. Beebe
11. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "The Evidential Problem of Evil", Nick Trakakis
12. ↑ Mousavirad, Seyyed Jaaber (2022-07-02). "Theory of Compensation and Problem of Evil; a New Defense". European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 14 (2). doi:10.24204/ejpr.2022.3357. ISSN 1689-8311. https://www.philosophy-of-religion.eu/index.php/ejpr/article/view/3357. 
13. ↑ Peter van Inwagen. The Problem of Evil. Oxford University Press, 2008 — 120, 123–126, context: 120–133-bet. ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7. 
14. ↑ Meister, Chad. Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Taylor & Francis, 2009 — 134-bet. ISBN 9781134141791. 
15. ↑ Howard-Snyder, Daniel; O'Leary-Hawthorne, John (1998). "Transworld Sanctity and Plantinga's Free Will Defense". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 44 (1): 1–21. Template loop detected: Andoza:Doi
    This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by handYovuzlik muammosi]]. ISSN 1572-8684Skript xatosi: „check isxn“ moduli yoʻq..
16. ↑ Alston, William P. (1991). "The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition". Philosophical Perspectives. 5: 29–67. Template loop detected: Andoza:Doi
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