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Autism

For the academic journal with the same name, see Autism (journal).

Autism
Other names
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology, pediatrics, occupational medicine
SymptomsDifficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication; inflexible routines; narrow, restricted interests; repetitive body movements; unusual sensory responses
ComplicationsSocial isolation, educational and employment problems,[1] anxiety,[1] stress,[1] bullying, depression,[1][2] self-harm, suicidality[3][4]
Usual onsetEarly childhood
DurationLifelong
CausesMultifactorial, with many uncertain factors
Risk factorsFamily history, certain genetic conditions, having older parents, certain prescribed drugs, perinatal and neonatal health issues
Diagnostic methodBased on combination of clinical observation of behavior and development and comprehensive diagnostic testing completed by a team of qualified professionals (including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, pediatricians, and speech–language pathologists). For adults, the use of a patient's written and oral history of autistic traits becomes more important
Differential diagnosisIntellectual disability, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizoid personality disorder, selective mutism, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, Einstein syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder,[5] learning disorders (mainly speech disorders)
ManagementPositive behavior support,[6][7] applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, psychotropic medication,[8] speech–language pathology
FrequencyOne in 100 people (1%) worldwide[9][10]

Autism spectrum disorder[a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities".[11] Sensory abnormalities are also included in the diagnostic manuals. Common associated traits such as motor coordination impairment are typical of the condition but not required for diagnosis. A formal diagnosis requires that symptoms cause significant impairment in multiple functional domains; in addition, the symptoms must be atypical or excessive for the person's age and sociocultural context.[12][13]

Autism is a spectrum, meaning it manifests in various ways, with its severity and support needs varying widely across different autistic people.[12][13][14] For example, some autistic people are nonverbal, while others have proficient spoken language.[15][16] Public health authorities and guideline developers classify autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder,[12][17][13][18][19] but the autism rights movement (and some researchers) disagree with that classification.[20][21][22] The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities.[23]

The precise causes of autism are unknown in most individual cases. Research shows that the disorder is highly heritable and polygenic, and neurobiological risks from the environment are also relevant.[24][25][26] Boys are also significantly far more frequently diagnosed than girls.[27] Autism frequently co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and intellectual disability.[28][29][30]

The combination of broader criteria, increased awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence has led to considerably increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s.[31][32] The World Health Organization estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.[b][9][10] This increasing prevalence has contributed to the myth perpetuated by anti-vaccine activists that autism is caused by vaccines.[33]

There is no known cure for autism. Some advocates dispute the need to find one.[34] Interventions such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy can help these children gain self-care, social, and language skills.[35][36] Guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European Society for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry endorse the use of ABA on the grounds that it reduces symptoms impairing daily functioning and quality of life,[35][37] but the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence cites a lack of high-quality evidence to support its use.[38] Additionally, some in the autism rights movement oppose its application due to a perception that it emphasizes normalization.[39][40][41] No medication has been shown to reduce ASD's core symptoms,[37] but some can alleviate comorbid problems.[42][43][44]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ a b c d Bonati M, Cartabia M, Clavenna A (January 2022). "Still too much delay in recognition of autism spectrum disorder". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 31 (e1). Cambridge University Press: e1. doi:10.1017/S2045796021000822. ISSN 2045-7960. LCCN 2011243374. OCLC 727338545. PMC 8786613. PMID 35012703. S2CID 245851335.
  2. ^ Pezzimenti F, Han GT, Vasa RA, Gotham K (2019). "Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 28 (3): 397–409. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.009. PMC 6512853. PMID 31076116.
  3. ^ Cassidy S, Bradley L, Shaw R, Baron-Cohen S (2018). "Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults". Molecular Autism. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4. ISSN 2040-2392. PMC 6069847. PMID 30083306.
  4. ^ "6 Reasons Autistic People Are at Greater Risk of Suicide | Psychology Today".
  5. ^ "At the intersection of autism and trauma". Spectrum News. 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022. And people with more autistic,in other forms of PTSD
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  8. ^ "Autism's drug problem". Spectrum News. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
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  12. ^ a b c (World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases version 11 (ICD-11)): https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#437815624
  13. ^ a b c "IACC Subcommittee Diagnostic Criteria - DSM-5 Planning Group". iacc.hhs.gov. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
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  18. ^ National Consultation Meeting for Developing IAP Guidelines on Neuro Developmental Disorders under the aegis of IAP Childhood Disability Group and the Committee on Child Development and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Dalwai S, Ahmed S, Udani V, Mundkur N, Kamath SS, C Nair MK (15 May 2017). "Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics on Evaluation and Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder". Indian Pediatrics. 54 (5): 385–393. doi:10.1007/s13312-017-1112-4. ISSN 0974-7559. PMID 28368272.
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  28. ^ Bertelli MO, Azeem MW, Underwood L, Scattoni ML, Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Sappok T, Bergmann T, Keller R (2022), Bertelli MO, Deb S(, Munir K, Hassiotis A (eds.), "Autism Spectrum Disorder", Textbook of Psychiatry for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 391, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_16, ISBN 978-3-319-95720-3, retrieved 8 June 2022, Persons with autism spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have transgender identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.
  29. ^ Lord C, Charman T, Havdahl A, Carbone P, Anagnostou E, Boyd B, Carr T, de Vries PJ, Dissanayake C, Divan G, et al. (2022). "The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism" (PDF). The Lancet. 399 (10321): 299–300. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5. hdl:11250/2975811. PMID 34883054. S2CID 244917920 – via Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
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  37. ^ a b Joaquin Fuentes, Amaia Hervás, Patricia Howlin, ESCAP ASD Working Party (2020). "ESCAP practice guidance for autism: a summary of evidence‑based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment" (PDF). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 30 (6): 961–984. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01587-4. PMC 8140956. PMID 32666205.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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